Olanzapine

Olanzapine, sold under the trade name Zyprexa among others, is an atypical antipsychotic primarily used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.[7] For schizophrenia, it can be used for both new onset disease and long term maintenance.[7] It is taken by mouth or by injection into a muscle.[7]

Olanzapine
Clinical data
Trade namesZyprexa, others[1]
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa601213
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: C
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out)
    Routes of
    administration    		By mouth, intramuscular injection
    ATC code
    Legal status
    Legal status
    • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
    • CA: ℞-only
    • NZ: Prescription medicine
    • UK: POM (Prescription only)
    • US: ℞-only
    Pharmacokinetic data
    Bioavailability60-65%[2][3][4]
    Protein binding93%[5]
    MetabolismLiver (direct glucuronidation and CYP1A2 mediated oxidation)
    Elimination half-life33 hours, 51.8 hours (elderly)[5]
    ExcretionUrine (57%; 7% as unchanged drug), faeces (30%)[5][6]
    Identifiers
    CAS Number
    PubChem CID
    IUPHAR/BPS
    DrugBank
    ChemSpider
    UNII
    KEGG
    ChEBI
    ChEMBL
    CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
    ECHA InfoCard100.125.320
    Chemical and physical data
    FormulaC17H20N4S
    Molar mass312.439 g·mol−1
    3D model (JSmol)
    Melting point195 °C (383 °F)
    Solubility in waterPractically insoluble in water mg/mL (20 °C)
     NY (what is this?)  (verify)

    Common side effects include weight gain, movement disorders, dizziness, feeling tired, constipation, and dry mouth.[7] Other side effects include low blood pressure with standing, allergic reactions, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, high blood sugar, seizures, gynecomastia, erectile dysfunction, and tardive dyskinesia.[7] In older people with dementia, its use increases the risk of death.[7] Use in the later part of pregnancy may result in a movement disorder in the baby for some time after birth.[7] Although how it works is not entirely clear, it blocks dopamine and serotonin receptors.[7]

    Olanzapine was patented in 1971 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1996.[7][8] It is available as a generic medication.[7] In the United States, the wholesale cost is less than US$0.25 per dose as of 2018.[9] In 2016, it was prescribed more than 2 million times in the United States.[10]

    Medical uses

    Schizophrenia

    The first-line psychiatric treatment for schizophrenia is antipsychotic medication; with olanzapine being one such medication.[11] Olanzapine appears to be effective in reducing symptoms of schizophrenia, treating acute exacerbations, and treating early-onset schizophrenia.[12][13][14][15] The usefulness of maintenance therapy, however, is difficult to determine as more than half of people in trials quit before the six-week completion date.[16] Treatment with olanzapine (like clozapine) may result in increased weight gain and increased glucose and cholesterol levels when compared to most other second-generation antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia.[13][17]

    Comparison

    National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, the British Association for Psychopharmacology, and the World Federation of Societies for Biological Psychiatry suggest that there is little difference in effectiveness between antipsychotics in prevention of relapse, and recommend that the specific choice of antipsychotic be chosen based on a person's preference and the drug's side effect profile.[18][19][20] The U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality concludes that olanzapine is not different from haloperidol in the treatment of positive symptoms and general psychopathology, or in overall assessment, but that it is superior for the treatment of negative and depressive symptoms.[21] It has a lower risk of causing movement disorders than typical antipsychotics.[12]

    In a 2013 comparison of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia, olanzapine was ranked third in efficacy. It was 5% more effective than risperidone (4th), 24-27% more effective than haloperidol, quetiapine, and aripiprazole, and 33% less effective than clozapine (1st).[12] A 2013 review of first episode schizophrenia concluded that olanzapine is superior to haloperidol in providing a lower discontinuation rate, and in short-term symptom reduction, response rate, negative symptoms, depression, cognitive function, discontinuation due to poor efficacy, and long-term relapse, but not in positive symptoms or on the Clinical Global Impressions score. In contrast, pooled second generation antipsychotics showed superiority to first generation antipsychotics only against the discontinuation, negative symptoms (with a much larger effect seen among industry- compared to government-sponsored studies), and cognition scores. Olanzapine caused less extrapyramidal side effects, less akathisia, but caused significantly more weight gain, serum cholesterol increase, and triglyceride increase than haloperidol.[22] A 2012 review concluded that among 10 atypical antipsychotics, only clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone were better than first generation antipsychotics.[23] A 2011 review concluded that neither first- nor second generation antipsychotics produce clinically meaningful changes in Clinical Global Impression scores but found that olanzapine and amisulpride produce larger effects on the PANSS and BPRS batteries than five other second generation antipsychotics or pooled first generation antipsychotics.[24] A 2010 Cochrane systematic review found that olanzapine may have a slight advantage in effectiveness when compared to aripiprazole, quetiapine, risperidone and ziprasidone.[17] No differences in effectiveness was detected when comparing olanzapine to amisulpride and clozapine.[17]

    A 2014 meta analysis of 9 published trials having minimum duration 6 months and median duration 52 weeks concluded that olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone had better effects on cognitive function than amisulpride and haloperidol.[25]

    Bipolar disorder

    Olanzapine is recommended by the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence as a first line therapy for the treatment of acute mania in bipolar disorder.[26] Other recommended first lines are haloperidol, quetiapine and risperidone.[26] It is recommended in combination with fluoxetine as a first line therapy for acute bipolar depression; and as a second line treatment by itself for the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder.[26]

    The Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) recommends olanzapine as a first line maintenance treatment in bipolar disorder and the combination of olanzapine with fluoxetine as second line treatment for bipolar depression.[27]

    A 2014 meta analysis concluded that olanzapine plus fluoxetine was the most effective among nine treatments for bipolar depression included in the analysis.[28]

    Other uses

    Evidence does not support the use of atypical antipsychotics, including olanzapine, in eating disorders.[29]

    Olanzapine has not been rigorously evaluated in generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, delusional parasitosis, or post-traumatic stress disorder. Olanzapine is no less effective than lithium or valproate and more effective than placebo in treating bipolar disorder.[30] It has also been used for Tourette syndrome and stuttering.[31]

    Olanzapine has been studied for the treatment of hyperactivity, aggressive behavior, and repetitive behaviors in autism.[32]

    Olanzapine is frequently prescribed off-label for the treatment of insomnia, including difficult falling asleep and staying asleep. The daytime sedation experienced with olanzapine is generally comparable to quetiapine and lurasidone, which is a frequent complaint in clinical trials. In some cases, the sedation due to olanzapine impaired the ability of people to wake up at a consistent time every day. There does appear to be some evidence of efficacy for treating insomnia, but long-term studies (especially for safety) are still needed.[33]

    Olanzapine has been recommended to be used in antiemetic regimes in people receiving chemotherapy which has a high-risk for vomiting.[34]

    Specific populations

    Pregnancy and lactation

    Olanzapine is associated with the highest placental exposure of any atypical antipsychotic.[35] Despite this, the available evidence suggests it is safe during pregnancy, although the evidence is insufficiently strong to say anything with a high degree of confidence.[35] Olanzapine is associated with weight gain which according to recent studies may put olanzapine-treated patients' offspring at a heightened risk for neural tube defects (e.g. spina bifida).[36][37] Breastfeeding in women taking olanzapine is advised against due to the fact that olanzapine is secreted in breast milk with one study finding that the exposure to the infant (in mg per kg of body weight, that is) is about 1.8% that to the mother.[5]

    Elderly

    Citing an increased risk of stroke, in 2004 the Committee on the Safety of Medicines (CSM) in the UK issued a warning that olanzapine and risperidone, both atypical antipsychotic medications, should not be given to elderly patients with dementia. In the U.S., olanzapine comes with a black box warning for increased risk of death in elderly patients. It is not approved for use in patients with dementia-related psychosis.[38] However, a BBC investigation in June 2008 found that this advice was being widely ignored by British doctors.[39] Evidence suggested that elderly are more likely to experience weight gain on olanzapine compared to aripiprazole and risperidone.[40]

    Adverse effects
    See also: List of adverse effects of olanzapine

    The principal side effect of olanzapine is weight gain, which may be profound in some cases and/or associated with derangement in the blood lipid and blood sugar profiles (see section metabolic effects). A recent meta-analysis of the efficacy and tolerance of 15 antipsychotic drugs (APDs) found that it had the highest propensity for causing weight gain out of the 15 APD compared with a SMD of 0.74[12] Extrapyramidal side effects, although potentially serious, are infrequent to rare from olanzapine[41] but may include tremors and muscle rigidity.

    Several patient groups are at a heightened risk of side effects from olanzapine and antipsychotics in general. Olanzapine may produce non-trivial high blood sugar in people with diabetes mellitus. Likewise, the elderly are at a greater risk of falls and accidental injury. Young males appear to be at heightened risk of dystonic reactions, although these are relatively rare with olanzapine. Most antipsychotics, including olanzapine, may disrupt the body's natural thermoregulatory systems, thus permitting excursions to dangerous levels when situations (exposure to heat, strenuous exercise) occur.[5][6][42][43][44]

    Other side effects include galactorrhea, amenorrhea, gynecomastia, and erectile dysfunction (impotence).[45]

    Paradoxical effects

    Olanzapine is used therapeutically to treat serious mental illness. Occasionally, it can have the opposite effect and provoke serious paradoxical reactions in a small subgroup of people, causing unusual changes in personality, thoughts, or behavior; hallucinations and excessive thoughts about suicide have also been linked to olanzapine use.[46]

    Metabolic effects

    The US Food and Drug Administration requires all atypical antipsychotics to include a warning about the risk of developing hyperglycemia and diabetes, both of which are factors in the metabolic syndrome. These effects may be related to the drugs' ability to induce weight gain, although there are some reports of metabolic changes in the absence of weight gain.[47][48] Studies have indicated that olanzapine carries a greater risk of causing and exacerbating diabetes than another commonly prescribed atypical antipsychotic, risperidone. Of all the atypical antipsychotics, olanzapine is one of the most likely to induce weight gain based on various measures.[49][50][51][52][53] The effect is dose dependent in humans[54] and animal models of olanzapine-induced metabolic side effects. There are some case reports of olanzapine-induced diabetic ketoacidosis.[55] Olanzapine may decrease insulin sensitivity,[56][57] though one 3-week study seems to refute this.[58] It may also increase triglyceride levels.[50]

    Despite weight gain, a large multi-center randomized National Institute of Mental Health study found that olanzapine was better at controlling symptoms because patients were more likely to remain on olanzapine than the other drugs.[59] One small, open-label, non-randomized study suggests that taking olanzapine by orally dissolving tablets may induce less weight gain,[60] but this has not been substantiated in a blinded experimental setting.

    Post-injection delirium/sedation syndrome

    Post-injection delirium/sedation syndrome (PDSS) is a rare syndrome that is specific to the long-acting injectable formulation of olanzapine, olanzapine pamoate.[61] The incidence of PDSS with olanzapine pamoate is estimated to be 0.07% of administrations, and is unique among other second-generation, long-acting antipsychotics (e.g. paliperidone palmitate), which don't appear to carry the same risk.[61] PDSS is characterized by symptoms of delirium (e.g. confusion, difficulty speaking, and uncoordinated movements) and sedation.[61] While not all people with PDSS will exhibit both delirium and sedation, most of them will (83%).[61] Although less specific to PDSS, a majority of cases (67%) involved a feeling of general discomfort.[61] It is thought that PDSS may occur due to accidental injection and absorption of olanzapine pamoate into the bloodstream, where it can act more rapidly, as opposed to slowly distributing out from muscle tissue.[61] Utilizing the proper, intramuscular injection technique for olanzapine pamoate helps to decrease the risk of PDSS, though it does not eliminate the risk entirely.[61] This is why the FDA advises that people that are injected with olanzapine pamoate be watched for 3 hours after administration, in the event that PDSS occurs.[61]

    Animal toxicology

    Olanzapine has demonstrated carcinogenic effects in multiple studies when exposed chronically to female mice and rats, but not male mice and rats. The tumors found were in either the liver or mammary glands of the animals.[62]

    Discontinuation

    The British National Formulary recommends a gradual withdrawal when discontinuing antipsychotics to avoid acute withdrawal syndrome or rapid relapse.[63] Symptoms of withdrawal commonly include nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite.[64] Other symptoms may include restlessness, increased sweating, and trouble sleeping.[64] Less commonly there may be a feeling of the world spinning, numbness, or muscle pains.[64] Symptoms generally resolve after a short period of time.[64]

    There is tentative evidence that discontinuation of antipsychotics can result in psychosis.[65] It may also result in reoccurrence of the condition that is being treated.[66] Rarely tardive dyskinesia can occur when the medication is stopped.[64]

    Overdose

    Symptoms of an overdose include tachycardia, agitation, dysarthria, decreased consciousness, and coma. Death has been reported after an acute overdose of 450 mg, but also survival after an acute overdose of 2000 mg.[67] Fatalities generally have occurred with olanzapine plasma concentrations greater than 1000 ng/mL post-mortem, with concentrations up to 5200 ng/mL recorded (though this might represent confounding by dead tissue, which may release olanzapine into the blood upon death).[68] There is no known specific antidote for olanzapine overdose, and even physicians are recommended to call a certified poison control center for information on the treatment of such a case.[67] Olanzapine is considered moderately toxic in overdose, more toxic than quetiapine, aripiprazole, and the SSRIs and less toxic than the MAOIs and TCAs.[35]

    Interactions

    Drugs or agents that increase the activity of the enzyme CYP1A2, notably tobacco smoke, may significantly increase hepatic first-pass clearance of olanzapine; conversely, drugs which inhibit CYP1A2 activity (examples: ciprofloxacin, fluvoxamine) may reduce olanzapine clearance.[69] Carbamazepine, a known enzyme inducer, has decreased the concentration/dose ration of olanzapine by 33% compared to olanzapine alone.[68] Another enzyme inducer, ritonavir, has also been shown to decrease the body's exposure to olanzapine, due to its induction of the enzymes CYP1A2 and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT).[68] Probenecid increases the total exposure (area under the curve, or AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of olanzapine.[68] Although olanzapine's metabolism includes the minor metabolic pathway of CYP2D6, the presence of the CYP2D6 inhibitor fluoxetine does not have a clinically significant effect on olanzapine's clearance.[68]

    Pharmacology

    Pharmacodynamics
    See also: Atypical antipsychotic § Pharmacodynamics, and Antipsychotic § Comparison of medications
    Olanzapine[70]
    SiteKi (nM)ActionRef
    5-HT1A2,063–2,720Antagonist[71][72]
    5-HT1B509–660ND[70][72]
    5-HT1D540–1,582ND[70][72]
    5-HT1E2,010–2,408ND[70][72]
    5-HT1F310ND[72]
    5-HT2A1.32–24.2Inverse agonist[73][74]
    5-HT2B11.8–12.0Inverse agonist[75][76]
    5-HT2C6.4–29Inverse agonist[74][76]
    5-HT3202Antagonist[70]
    5-HT5A1,212Full Agonist[70]
    5-HT66.0–42Antagonist[70][77]
    5-HT7105–365Antagonist[70][78]
    α1A109–115Antagonist[70][71]
    α1B263Antagonist[70]
    α2A192–470Antagonist[72][78]
    α2B82–180Antagonist[71][72]
    α2C29–210Antagonist[71][72]
    β1>10,000ND[70][72]
    β2>10,000ND[70][72]
    D135–118Antagonist[74][78]
    D23.00–106Antagonist[79][80]
    D2L31–38Antagonist[72][74]
    D2S21–52Antagonist[72][81]
    D37.8–91Antagonist[79][80]
    D41.6–50Antagonist[79][82]
    D4.217–102Antagonist[83][84]
    D4.421–60Antagonist[81]
    D574–90Antagonist[70][74]
    H10.65–4.9Inverse agonist[70][72]
    H244Antagonist[70]
    H33,713Antagonist[70]
    H4>10,000Antagonist[70]
    M12.5–73Antagonist[85][86]
    M248–622Antagonist[77]
    M313–126Antagonist[76][77]
    M410–350Antagonist[77][85]
    M56.0–82Antagonist[77][85]
    σ1>5,000ND[72]
    σ2NDNDND
    Opioid>10,000ND[72]
    nACh>10,000ND[70]
    NMDA
    (PCP)    		>10,000ND[70]
    SERT≥3,676ND[70][82]
    NET>10,000ND[70]
    DAT>10,000ND[70]
    VDCC>10,000ND[70][72]
    VGSC>5,000ND[72]
    hERG6,013Blocker[87]
    Values are Ki (nM). The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site. All data are for human cloned proteins, except H3 (guinea pig), σ1 (guinea pig), opioid (rodent), NMDA/PCP (rat), VDCC, and VGSC.[70]

    Olanzapine has a higher affinity for 5-HT2A serotonin receptors than D2 dopamine receptors, which is a common property of most atypical antipsychotics, aside from the benzamide antipsychotics such as amisulpride along with the non-benzamides aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, blonanserin, cariprazine, melperone and perospirone.

    Olanzapine had the highest affinity of any second-generation antipsychotic towards the P-glycoprotein in one in vitro study.[88] P-glycoprotein transports a myriad of drugs across a numerous of different biological membranes (found in numerous body systems) including the blood-brain barrier (a semi-permeable membrane which filters the contents of blood prior to it reaching the brain); P-GP inhibition could mean that less brain exposure to olanzapine results from this interaction with the P-glycoprotein.[89] A relatively large quantity of commonly encountered foods and medications inhibit P-GP, and it is fairly common for pharmaceuticals to be either substrates of P-GP, or to inhibit its action; both substrates and inhibitors of P-GP effectively increase the permeability of the blood brain barrier to P-GP substrates and subsequently increase the central activity of the substrate while reducing the local effects on the GI tract. The mediation of olanzapine in the central nervous system by P-GP means that any other substance or drug which interacts with P-GP increases the risk for toxic accumulations of both olanzapine and the other drug.[90]

    Olanzapine is a potent antagonist of the muscarinic M3 receptor,[91] which may underlie its diabetogenic side effects.[92][93] Additionally, olanzapine also exhibits a relatively low affinity for serotonin 5-HT1, GABAA, beta-adrenergic receptors, and benzodiazepine binding sites.[41][94]

    The mode of action of olanzapine's antipsychotic activity is unknown. It may involve antagonism of dopamine and serotonin receptors. Antagonism of dopamine receptors is associated with extrapyramidal effects such as tardive dyskinesia (TD), and with therapeutic effects. Antagonism of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors is associated with anticholinergic side effects such as dry mouth and constipation, in addition it may suppress or reduce the emergence of extrapyramidal effects for the duration of treatment, however it offers no protection against the development of tardive dyskinesia. In common with other second generation (atypical) antipsychotics, olanzapine poses a relatively low risk of extrapyramidal side effects including TD, due to its higher affinity for the 5HT2A receptor over the D2 receptor.[95]

    Antagonizing H1 histamine receptors causes sedation and may cause weight gain, although antagonistic actions at serotonin 5-HT2C and dopamine D2 receptors have also been associated with weight gain and appetite stimulation.[96]

    Pharmacokinetics

    Metabolism

    Olanzapine is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system; principally by isozyme 1A2 (CYP1A2) and to a lesser extent by CYP2D6. By these mechanisms more than 40% of the oral dose, on average, is removed by the hepatic first-pass effect.[41] The clearance of olanzapine appears to vary by sex; women have approximately 25% lower clearance than men.[68] The clearance of olanzapine also varies by race; in self-identified African-Americans or Black individuals, olanzapine's clearance was 26% higher.[68] There does not appear to be a difference in the clearance between individuals identifying as Caucasian, Chinese, or Japanese.[68] Routine, pharmacokinetic monitoring of olanzapine plasma levels is generally unwarranted, though unusual circumstances (e.g. the presence of drug-drug interactions) or a desire to determine if a patient is taking their medicine or not may prompt its use.[68]

    Society and culture
    Zyprexa (olanzapine) 10 mg tablets (AU)

    Regulatory status

    Olanzapine is approved in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for:

    • Long-term treatment—in combination with fluoxetine—of resistant depression (March 2009).[100]
    • Oral formulation: acute and maintenance treatment of schizophrenia in adults, acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder (monotherapy and in combination with lithium or sodium valproate)
    • Intramuscular formulation: acute agitation associated with schizophrenia and bipolar I mania in adults
    • Oral formulation combined with fluoxetine: treatment of acute depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder in adults, or treatment of acute, resistant depression in adults[101]
    • Treatment of the manifestations of psychotic disorders (September 1996[102] – March 2000).[103]
    • Short-term treatment of acute manic episodes associated with bipolar I disorder (March 2000).[103]
    • Short-term treatment of schizophrenia instead of the management of the manifestations of psychotic disorders (March 2000).[103]
    • Maintaining treatment response in schizophrenic patients who had been stable for approximately eight weeks and were then followed for a period of up to eight months (November 2000).[103]

    The drug became generic in 2011. Sales of Zyprexa in 2008 were $2.2 billion in the US, and $4.7 billion worldwide.[104]

    Controversy and litigation

    Eli Lilly has faced many lawsuits from people who claimed they developed diabetes or other diseases after taking Zyprexa, as well as by various governmental entities, insurance companies, and others. Lilly produced a large number of documents as part of the discovery phase of this litigation, which started in 2004; the documents were ruled to be confidential by a judge and placed under seal, and later themselves became the subject of litigation.[105]

    In 2006, Lilly paid $700 million to settle around 8,000 of these lawsuits,[106] and in early 2007, Lilly settled around 18,000 suits for $500 million, which brought the total Lilly had paid to settle suits related to the drug to $1.2 billion.[107][108]

    A December 2006 New York Times article based on leaked company documents concluded that the company had engaged in a deliberate effort to downplay olanzapine's side effects.[107][109] The company denied these allegations and stated that the article had been based on cherry picked documents.[107][108] The documents were provided to the Times by Jim Gottstein, a lawyer who represented mentally ill patients, who obtained them from a doctor, David Egilman, who was serving as an expert consultant on the case.[105] In 2007 Lilly filed a protection order to stop the dissemination of some of the documents, which Judge Jack B. Weinstein of the Brooklyn Federal District Court granted, and criticized the New York Times reporter, Gottstein, and Egilman in the ruling.[105] The Times of London also received the documents and reported that as early as 1998, Lilly considered the risk of drug-induced obesity to be a "top threat" to Zyprexa sales.[108] On October 9, 2000, senior Lilly research physician Robert Baker noted that an academic advisory board he belonged to was "quite impressed by the magnitude of weight gain on olanzapine and implications for glucose."[108]

    Lilly had threatened Egilman with criminal contempt charges regarding the documents he took and provided to reporters; in September 2007 he agreed to pay Lilly $100,000 in return for the company’s agreement to drop the threat of charges.[110]

    In September 2008 Judge Weinstein issued an order to make public Lilly's internal documents about the drug in a different suit brought by insurance companies, pension funds, and other payors.[105]

    In March 2008 Lilly settled a suit with the state of Alaska[111] and in October 2008, Lilly agreed to pay $62 million to 32 states and the District of Columbia to settle suits brought under state consumer protection laws.[110]

    In 2009, Eli Lilly pleaded guilty to a US federal criminal misdemeanor charge of illegally marketing Zyprexa for off-label use and agreed to pay $1.4 billion.[112][113]

    Trade names

    Olanzapine is generic and is available under many trade names worldwide.[1]

    List of trade names for olanzapine[1]
    AAedon, Alonzap, Amulsin, Anzap, Anzatric, Anzorin, Apisco, Apo-Olanzapine, Apo-Olanzapine ODT, Apsico, Arenbil, Arkolamyl
    BBenexafrina, Bloonis
    CCaprilon, Cap-Tiva, Clingozan
    DDeprex, Domus, Dopin
    EEgolanza, Elynza, Emzypine, Epilanz-10, Exzapine
    FFontanivio, Fordep
    G
    H
    IIrropia
    JJolyon-MD
    KKozylex
    LLanopin, Lanzapine, Lanzep, Lapenza, Lapozan, Lazap, Lazapir, Lazapix, Lezapin-MD, Lopez
    MMarathon, Meflax, Midax
    NNiolib, Nodoff, Norpen Oro, Nykob, Nyzol
    OOferta, Oferta-Sanovel, Olace, Oladay, Oladay-F, Olaffar, Olan, Olanap, Olancell, Olandix, Olandoz, Olandus, Olankline, Olanpax, Olanstad, Olanza, Olanza Actavis, Olanza Actavis ODT, Olanzalet,Olanzalux, Olanzamed, Olanzapin 1A Pharma, Olanzapin AbZ, Olanzapin Accord, Olanzapin Actavis, Olanzapin AL, Olanzapin Apotex, Olanzapin Aristo, Olanzapin axcount, Olanzapin beta, Olanzapin Bluefish, Olanzapin Cipla, Olanzapin easypharm, Olanzapin Egis, Olanzapin G.L., Olanzapin Genera, Olanzapin Genericon, Olanzapin Helvepharm, Olanzapin Hennig, Olanzapin Heumann, Olanzapin HEXAL, Olanzapin Krka, Olanzapin Lilly, Olanzapin Mylan, Olanzapin Niolib, Olanzapin Orion, Olanzapin PCD, Olanzapin PharmaS, Olanzapin Ranbaxy, Olanzapin ratiopharm, Olanzapin ReplekFarm, Olanzapin Rth, Olanzapin Sandoz, Olanzapin Spirig HC, Olanzapin Stada, Olanzapin SUN, Olanzapin Teva, Olanzapin Viketo, Olanzapin Zentiva, Olanzapina Accord, Olanzapina Actavis, Olanzapina Actavis PTC, Olanzapina Aldal, Olanzapina Almus, Olanzapina Alter, Olanzapina Angenerico, Olanzapina Anipaz, Olanzapina Apotex, Olanzapina APS, Olanzapina Arrowblue, Olanzapina Aspen, Olanzapina Aurobindo, Olanzapina Basi, Olanzapina Bexalabs, Olanzapina Blixie, Olanzapina Bluefish, Olanzapina Bluepharma, Olanzapina Cantabria, Olanzapina Ceapharma, Olanzapina Ciclum, Olanzapina Cinfa, Olanzapina Cipla, Olanzapina Combix, Olanzapina Doc Generici, Olanzapina Dr. Reddy's, Olanzapina Eulex, Olanzapina Eurogenerici, Olanzapina Fantex, Olanzapina Farmoz, Olanzapina Flas Pharma Combix, Olanzapina Genedec, Olanzapina Generis, Olanzapina Germed, Olanzapina Glenmark, Olanzapina Green Avet, Olanzapina Helm, Olanzapina Kern Pharma, Olanzapina Krka, Olanzapina La Santé, Olanzapina Labesfal, Olanzapina Leugim, Olanzapina Lilly, Olanzapina LPH, Olanzapina Mabo, Olanzapina Medana, Olanzapina Medis, Olanzapina Medley, Olanzapina Mylan, Olanzapina Nakozap, Olanzapina Nolian, Olanzapina Normon, Olanzapina Ozilormar, Olanzapina Parke-Davis, Olanzapina Pensa, Olanzapina Pensa Pharma, Olanzapina Pharmakern, Olanzapina Polipharma, Olanzapina Polpharma, Olanzapina Qualigen, Olanzapina Ranbaxy, Olanzapina Ratio, Olanzapina Ratiopharm, Olanzapina Reconir, Olanzapina Reddy, Olanzapina Rospaw, Olanzapina Sabacur, Olanzapina Sandoz, Olanzapina Sarb, Olanzapina Stada, Olanzapina Sun, Olanzapina TAD, Olanzapina Technigen, Olanzapina Terapia, Olanzapina Teva, Olanzapina Tevagen, Olanzapina tolife, Olanzapina Torrent, Olanzapina Vegal, Olanzapina Vida, Olanzapina Winthrop, Olanzapina Wynn, Olanzapina Kraz, Olanzapina Zentiva, Olanzapina Zerpi, Olanzapina Zonapir, Olanzapin-Actavis, Olanzapin-CT, Olanzapine 1A Pharma, Olanzapine Accord, Olanzapine Actavis, Olanzapine Adamed, Olanzapine Alter, Olanzapine Alvogen, Olanzapine Apotex, Olanzapine Arrow Génériques, Olanzapine Auro, Olanzapine Aurobindo, Olanzapine Biogaran, Olanzapine Bluefish, Olanzapine CF, Olanzapine Clonmel, Olanzapine Cristers, Olanzapine Dexcel, Olanzapine EG, Olanzapine Egis, Olanzapine Evolugen, Olanzapine Galenicum, Olanzapine Generichealth, Olanzapine Glenmark, Olanzapine GSK, Olanzapine Isomed, Olanzapine Jacobsen, Olanzapine Jubilant, Olanzapine Lekam, Olanzapine Lesvi, Olanzapine Medana, Olanzapine Mylan, Olanzapine Neopharma, Olanzapine Niolib, Olanzapine Nyzol, Olanzapine Odis Mylan, Olanzapine ODT Generichealth, Olanzapine ODT Sanis Health, Olanzapine ODT Teva, Olanzapine ODT-DRLA, Olanzapine Orion, Olanzapine Polpharma, Olanzapine Prasco, Olanzapine Ranbaxy, Olanzapine Ratiopharm, Olanzapine Sandoz, Olanzapine Sanis Health, Olanzapine Sanovel, Olanzapine Stada, Olanzapine Sun, Olanzapine Synthon, Olanzapine Teva, Olanzapine Torrent, Olanzapine Zentiva, Olanzapine Zentiva Lab, Olanzapine Zydus, Olanzapine-DRLA, Olzapine
    P
    Q
    R
    S
    T
    U
    V
    W
    X
    Y
    ZZyprexa, Zolafren

    Dosage forms

    Olanzapine is marketed in a number of countries, with tablets ranging from 2.5 to 20 milligrams. Zyprexa (and generic olanzapine) is available as an orally-disintegrating "wafer" which rapidly dissolves in saliva. It is also available in 10 milligram vials for intramuscular injection.[69]

    Research

    Olanzapine has been studied as an antiemetic, particularly for the control of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV).[114]

    In general, olanzapine appears to be about as effective as aprepitant for the prevention of CINV, though there are some concerns for its use in this population. For example, concomitant use of metoclopramide or haloperidol increases the risk for extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Otherwise, olanzapine appears to be fairly well tolerated for this indication, with somnolence being the most common side effect.[115]

    Olanzapine has been considered as part of an early psychosis approach for schizophrenia. The Prevention through Risk Identification, Management, and Education (PRIME) study, funded by the National Institute of Mental Health and Eli Lilly, tested the hypothesis that olanzapine might prevent the onset of psychosis in people at very high risk for schizophrenia. The study examined 60 patients with prodromal schizophrenia, who were at an estimated risk of 36–54% of developing schizophrenia within a year, and treated half with olanzapine and half with placebo.[116] In this study, patients receiving olanzapine did not have a significantly lower risk of progressing to psychosis. Olanzapine was effective for treating the prodromal symptoms, but was associated with significant weight gain.[117]

    References
    1. Drugs.com Drugs.com international listings for Olanzapine Page accessed August 4, 2015
    2. Kassahun K, Mattiuz E, Nyhart E (January 1, 1997). "DISPOSITION AND BIOTRANSFORMATION OF THE ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT OLANZAPINE IN HUMANS". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 25 (1): 81–93.
    3. Callaghan JT, Bergstrom RF, Ptak LR, et al. (September 1999). "Olanzapine: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile". Clin Pharmacokinetics. 37 (3): 177–193. doi:10.2165/00003088-199937030-00001. PMID 10511917.
    4. Mauri MC, Volonteri LS, Colasanti A, et al. (2007). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of atypical antipsychotics: a critical review of the relationship between plasma concentrations and clinical response". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 46 (5): 359–88. doi:10.2165/00003088-200746050-00001. PMID 17465637.
    5. "PRODUCT INFORMATION OLANZAPINE SANDOZ® 2.5mg/5mg/7.5mg/10mg/15mg/20mg FILM-COATED TABLETS" (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. Sandoz Pty Ltd. 8 June 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
    6. "Zyprexa, Zyprexa Relprevv (olanzapine) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
    7. "Olanzapine, Olanzapine Pamoate Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. AHFS. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
    8. Taylor D, Paton C, Kapur S (2015). The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry (12th ed.). London, U K: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-118-75460-3.
    9. "NADAC as of 2018-12-19". Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
    10. "The Top 300 of 2019". clincalc.com. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
    11. National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (25 March 2009). "Schizophrenia: Full national clinical guideline on core interventions in primary and secondary care" (PDF). Retrieved 25 November 2009.
    12. Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L, Mavridis D, Orey D, Richter F, et al. (September 2013). "Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis". Lancet. 382 (9896): 951–62. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60733-3. PMID 23810019.
    13. Harvey RC, James AC, Shields GE (January 2016). "A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis to Assess the Relative Efficacy of Antipsychotics for the Treatment of Positive and Negative Symptoms in Early-Onset Schizophrenia". CNS Drugs. 30 (1): 27–39. doi:10.1007/s40263-015-0308-1. PMID 26801655.
    14. Pagsberg AK, Tarp S, Glintborg D, Stenstrøm AD, Fink-Jensen A, Correll CU, Christensen R (March 2017). "Acute Antipsychotic Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 56 (3): 191–202. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.12.013. PMID 28219485.
    15. Osser DN, Roudsari MJ, Manschreck T (2013). "The psychopharmacology algorithm project at the Harvard South Shore Program: an update on schizophrenia". Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 21 (1): 18–40. doi:10.1097/HRP.0b013e31827fd915. PMID 23656760.
    16. Duggan L, Fenton M, Rathbone J, Dardennes R, El-Dosoky A, Indran S (April 2005). "Olanzapine for schizophrenia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD001359. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001359.pub2. PMID 15846619.
    17. Komossa K, Rummel-Kluge C, Hunger H, Schmid F, Schwarz S, Duggan L, Kissling W, Leucht S (March 2010). "Olanzapine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD006654. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006654.pub2. PMC 4169107. PMID 20238348.
    18. "Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: treatment and management | Guidance and guidelines | NICE". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.
    19. Barnes TR (2011). "Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology" (PDF). J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford). 25 (5): 567–620. doi:10.1177/0269881110391123. PMID 21292923.
    20. Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T, Lieberman J, Glenthoj B, Gattaz WF, Thibaut F, Möller HJ (2013). "World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 2: update 2012 on the long-term treatment of schizophrenia and management of antipsychotic-induced side effects". World J. Biol. Psychiatry. 14 (1): 2–44. doi:10.3109/15622975.2012.739708. PMID 23216388.
    21. Abou-Setta AM, Mousavi SS, Spooner C, Schouten JR, Pasichnyk D, Armijo-Olivo S, et al. (August 2012). "First-Generation Versus Second-Generation Antipsychotics in Adults: Comparative Effectiveness [Internet]". PMID 23035275. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
    22. Zhang JP, Gallego JA, Robinson DG, Malhotra AK, Kane JM, Correll CU (July 2013). "Efficacy and safety of individual second-generation vs. first-generation antipsychotics in first-episode psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 16 (6): 1205–18. doi:10.1017/S1461145712001277. PMC 3594563. PMID 23199972.
    23. Citrome L (August 2012). "A systematic review of meta-analyses of the efficacy of oral atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of adult patients with schizophrenia". Expert Opin Pharmacother. 13 (11): 1545–73. doi:10.1517/14656566.2011.626769. PMID 21999805.
    24. Lepping P, Sambhi RS, Whittington R, Lane S, Poole R (May 2011). "Clinical relevance of findings in trials of antipsychotics: systematic review". Br J Psychiatry. 198 (5): 341–5. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.075366. PMID 21525517.
    25. Désaméricq G, Schurhoff F, Meary A, Szöke A, Macquin-Mavier I, Bachoud-Lévi AC, Maison P (February 2014). "Long-term neurocognitive effects of antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a network meta-analysis". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 70 (2): 127–34. doi:10.1007/s00228-013-1600-y. PMID 24145817.
    26. "Bipolar disorder: the assessment and management of bipolar disorder in adults, children and young people in primary and secondary care | 1-recommendations | Guidance and guidelines | NICE". Retrieved 26 July 2016.
    27. Yatham LN, Kennedy SH, O'Donovan C, et al. (December 2006). "Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder: update 2007". Bipolar Disord. 8 (6): 721–39. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2006.00432.x. PMID 17156158.
    28. Selle V, Schalkwijk S, Vázquez GH, Baldessarini RJ (March 2014). "Treatments for acute bipolar depression: meta-analyses of placebo-controlled, monotherapy trials of anticonvulsants, lithium and antipsychotics". Pharmacopsychiatry. 47 (2): 43–52. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1363258. PMID 24549862.
    29. Maglione M, Maher AR, Hu J, et al. (2011). "Off-Label Use of Atypical Antipsychotics: An Update". AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). PMID 22132426. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
    30. Narasimhan M, Bruce TO, Masand P (October 2007). "Review of olanzapine in the management of bipolar disorders". Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 3 (5): 579–587. PMC 2656294. PMID 19300587.
    31. Scott L (Winter 2006). "Genetic and Neurological Factors in Stuttering". Stuttering Foundation of America.
    32. "Olanzapine and Autism". Research Autism. 2017-12-19. Retrieved 2018-06-09.
    33. Morin, Anna K (March 2014). "Off-label use of atypical antipsychotic agents for treatment of insomnia". Mental Health Clinician. 4 (2): 65–72. doi:10.9740/mhc.n190091.
    34. Hesketh, PJ; Kris, MG; Basch, E; Bohlke, K; Barbour, SY; Clark-Snow, RA; Danso, MA; Dennis, K; Dupuis, LL; Dusetzina, SB; Eng, C; Feyer, PC; Jordan, K; Noonan, K; Sparacio, D; Somerfield, MR; Lyman, GH (1 October 2017). "Antiemetics: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Update". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 35 (28): 3240–3261. doi:10.1200/JCO.2017.74.4789. PMC 4876353. PMID 28759346.
    35. Taylor, D. The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. Wiley-Blackwell.
    36. Rasmussen SA, Chu SY, Kim SY, Schmid CH, Lau J (June 2008). "Maternal obesity and risk of neural tube defects: a metaanalysis". American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 198 (6): 611–619. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.04.021. PMID 18538144.
    37. McMahon DM, Liu J, Zhang H, Torres ME, Best RG (February 2013). "Maternal obesity, folate intake, and neural tube defects in offspring". Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology. 97 (2): 115–122. doi:10.1002/bdra.23113. PMID 23404872.
    38. "Important Safety Information for Olanzapine". Zyprexa package insert. Eli Lilly & Company. 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-11-23. Retrieved 2007-12-03. Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with atypical antipsychotic drugs are at an increased risk of death compared to placebo. [...] ZYPREXA (olanzapine) is not approved for the treatment of elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis.
    39. "Doctors 'ignoring drugs warning'". BBC News. 17 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
    40. Yeung EY, Chun S, Douglass A, Lau TE (2017-05-08). "Effect of atypical antipsychotics on body weight in geriatric psychiatric inpatients". SAGE Open Medicine. 5: 2050312117708711. doi:10.1177/2050312117708711. PMC 5431608. PMID 28540050.
    41. Lexi-Comp Inc. (2010) Lexi-Comp Drug Information Handbook 19th North American Ed. Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp Inc. ISBN 978-1-59195-278-7.
    42. Stöllberger C, Lutz W, Finsterer J (July 2009). "Heat-related side-effects of neurological and non-neurological medication may increase heatwave fatalities". European Journal of Neurology. 16 (7): 879–82. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02581.x. PMID 19453697.
    43. "OLANZAPINE (olanzapine) tablet OLANZAPINE (olanzapine) tablet, orally disintegrating [Prasco Laboratories]". DailyMed. Prasco Laboratories. September 2013. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
    44. "Olanzapine 10 mg tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC)". electronic Medicines Compendium. Aurobindo Pharma - Milpharm Ltd. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
    45. "Olanzapine Monograph for Professionals - Drugs.com". Drugs.com. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
    46. Cerner Multum Incorporated (27 September 2011). "Olanzapine". Drugs.com.
    47. Ramankutty G (2002). "Olanzapine-induced destabilization of diabetes in the absence of weight gain". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 105 (3): 235–6, discussion 236–7. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.2c257a.x. PMID 11939979.
    48. Lambert MT, Copeland LA, Sampson N, Duffy SA (2006). "New-onset type-2 diabetes associated with atypical antipsychotic medications". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 30 (5): 919–23. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.02.007. PMID 16581171.
    49. Moyer, Paula (Oct 25, 2005). "CAFE Study Shows Varying Benefits Among Atypical Antipsychotics". Medscape Medical News. WebMD. Retrieved 2007-12-03.
    50. AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals (4 April 2006). "Efficacy and Tolerability of Olanzapine, Quetiapine and Risperidone in the Treatment of First Episode Psychosis: A Randomised Double Blind 52 Week Comparison". AstraZeneca Clinical Trials. AstraZeneca PLC. Archived from the original on 2007-11-13. Retrieved 2007-12-03. At week 12, the olanzapine-treated group had more weight gain, a higher increase in [ body mass index ], and a higher proportion of patients with a BMI increase of at least 1 unit compared with the quetiapine and risperidone groups (p<=0.01).
    51. Wirshing DA, Wirshing WC, Kysar L, Berisford MA, Goldstein D, Pashdag J, Mintz J, Marder SR (1999). "Novel Antipsychotics". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 60 (6): 358–63. doi:10.4088/JCP.v60n0602. PMID 10401912.
    52. "NIMH study to guide treatment choices for schizophrenia" (Press release). National Institute of Mental Health. 19 September 2005. Retrieved 2006-12-18.
    53. McEvoy JP, Lieberman JA, Perkins DO, Hamer RM, Gu H, Lazarus A, Sweitzer D, Olexy C, Weiden P, Strakowski SD (July 2007). "Efficacy and tolerability of olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in the treatment of early psychosis: a randomized, double-blind 52-week comparison". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 164 (7): 1050–60. doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.7.1050. PMID 17606657.
    54. Nemeroff CB (1997). "Dosing the antipsychotic medication olanzapine". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 58 Suppl 10 (Suppl 10): 45–9. PMID 9265916.
    55. Fulbright AR, Breedlove KT (2006). "Complete Resolution of Olanzapine-Induced Diabetic Ketoacidosis". Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 19 (4): 255–8. doi:10.1177/0897190006294180.
    56. Chiu CC, Chen CH, Chen BY, Yu SH, Lu ML (August 2010). "The time-dependent change of insulin secretion in schizophrenic patients treated with olanzapine". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 34 (6): 866–70. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.04.003. PMID 20394794.
    57. Sacher J, Mossaheb N, Spindelegger C, Klein N, Geiss-Granadia T, Sauermann R, Lackner E, Joukhadar C, Müller M, Kasper S (June 2008). "Effects of olanzapine and ziprasidone on glucose tolerance in healthy volunteers". Neuropsychopharmacology. 33 (7): 1633–41. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301541. PMID 17712347.
    58. Sowell M, Mukhopadhyay N, Cavazzoni P, Carlson C, Mudaliar S, Chinnapongse S, Ray A, Davis T, Breier A, Henry RR, Dananberg J (December 2003). "Evaluation of insulin sensitivity in healthy volunteers treated with olanzapine, risperidone, or placebo: a prospective, randomized study using the two-step hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 88 (12): 5875–80. doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021884. PMID 14671184.
    59. Carey, Benedict (September 20, 2005). "Little Difference Found in Schizophrenia Drugs". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-12-03.
    60. de Haan L, van Amelsvoort T, Rosien K, Linszen D (2004). "Weight loss after switching from conventional olanzapine tablets to orally disintegrating olanzapine tablets". Psychopharmacology. 175 (3): 389–90. doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1951-2. PMID 15322727.
    61. Luedecke, D; Schöttle, D; Karow, A; Lambert, M; Naber, D (January 2015). "Post-injection delirium/sedation syndrome in patients treated with olanzapine pamoate: mechanism, incidence, and management". CNS Drugs. 29 (1): 41–6. doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0216-9. PMID 25424243.
    62. Brambilla G, Mattioli F, Martelli A (2009). "Genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of antipsychotics and antidepressants". Toxicology. 261 (3): 77–88. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2009.04.056. PMID 19410629.
    63. Joint Formulary Committee, BMJ, ed. (March 2009). "4.2.1". British National Formulary (57 ed.). United Kingdom: Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-85369-845-6. Withdrawal of antipsychotic drugs after long-term therapy should always be gradual and closely monitored to avoid the risk of acute withdrawal syndromes or rapid relapse.
    64. Haddad, Peter; Haddad, Peter M.; Dursun, Serdar; Deakin, Bill (2004). Adverse Syndromes and Psychiatric Drugs: A Clinical Guide. OUP Oxford. pp. 207–216. ISBN 9780198527480.
    65. Moncrieff J (July 2006). "Does antipsychotic withdrawal provoke psychosis? Review of the literature on rapid onset psychosis (supersensitivity psychosis) and withdrawal-related relapse". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 114 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00787.x. PMID 16774655.
    66. Sacchetti, Emilio; Vita, Antonio; Siracusano, Alberto; Fleischhacker, Wolfgang (2013). Adherence to Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 85. ISBN 9788847026797.
    67. "Symbyax (Olanzapine and fluoxetine) drug overdose and contraindication information". RxList: The Internet Drug Index. WebMD. 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2007-12-03.
    68. Schwenger E, Dumontet J, Ensom MH (July 2011). "Does olanzapine warrant clinical pharmacokinetic monitoring in schizophrenia?". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 50 (7): 415–28. doi:10.2165/11587240-000000000-00000. PMID 21651311.
    69. "Olanzapine Prescribing Information" (PDF). Eli Lilly and Company. 2009-03-19. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
    70. Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
    71. Kroeze WK, Hufeisen SJ, Popadak BA, Renock SM, Steinberg S, Ernsberger P, Jayathilake K, Meltzer HY, Roth BL (2003). "H1-histamine receptor affinity predicts short-term weight gain for typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs". Neuropsychopharmacology. 28 (3): 519–26. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300027. PMID 12629531.
    72. Schotte A, Janssen PF, Gommeren W, Luyten WH, Van Gompel P, Lesage AS, De Loore K, Leysen JE (1996). "Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding". Psychopharmacology. 124 (1–2): 57–73. doi:10.1007/bf02245606. PMID 8935801.
    73. Davies MA, Setola V, Strachan RT, Sheffler DJ, Salay E, Hufeisen SJ, Roth BL (2006). "Pharmacologic analysis of non-synonymous coding h5-HT2A SNPs reveals alterations in atypical antipsychotic and agonist efficacies". Pharmacogenomics J. 6 (1): 42–51. doi:10.1038/sj.tpj.6500342. PMID 16314884.
    74. Kongsamut S, Roehr JE, Cai J, Hartman HB, Weissensee P, Kerman LL, Tang L, Sandrasagra A (1996). "Iloperidone binding to human and rat dopamine and 5-HT receptors". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 317 (2–3): 417–23. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(96)00840-0. PMID 8997630.
    75. Wainscott DB, Lucaites VL, Kursar JD, Baez M, Nelson DL (1996). "Pharmacologic characterization of the human 5-hydroxytryptamine2B receptor: evidence for species differences". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 276 (2): 720–7. PMID 8632342.
    76. Bymaster FP, Nelson DL, DeLapp NW, Falcone JF, Eckols K, Truex LL, Foreman MM, Lucaites VL, Calligaro DO (1999). "Antagonism by olanzapine of dopamine D1, serotonin2, muscarinic, histamine H1 and alpha 1-adrenergic receptors in vitro". Schizophr. Res. 37 (1): 107–22. doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(98)00146-7. PMID 10227113.
    77. Bymaster FP, Felder CC, Tzavara E, Nomikos GG, Calligaro DO, Mckinzie DL (2003). "Muscarinic mechanisms of antipsychotic atypicality". Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 27 (7): 1125–43. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.09.008. PMID 14642972.
    78. Fernández J, Alonso JM, Andrés JI, Cid JM, Díaz A, Iturrino L, Gil P, Megens A, Sipido VK, Trabanco AA (2005). "Discovery of new tetracyclic tetrahydrofuran derivatives as potential broad-spectrum psychotropic agents". J. Med. Chem. 48 (6): 1709–12. doi:10.1021/jm049632c. PMID 15771415.
    79. Seeman P, Tallerico T (1998). "Antipsychotic drugs which elicit little or no parkinsonism bind more loosely than dopamine to brain D2 receptors, yet occupy high levels of these receptors". Mol. Psychiatry. 3 (2): 123–34. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000336. PMID 9577836.
    80. Burstein ES, Ma J, Wong S, Gao Y, Pham E, Knapp AE, Nash NR, Olsson R, Davis RE, Hacksell U, Weiner DM, Brann MR (2005). "Intrinsic efficacy of antipsychotics at human D2, D3, and D4 dopamine receptors: identification of the clozapine metabolite N-desmethylclozapine as a D2/D3 partial agonist". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 315 (3): 1278–87. doi:10.1124/jpet.105.092155. PMID 16135699.
    81. Seeman P, Van Tol HH (1995). "Deriving the therapeutic concentrations for clozapine and haloperidol: the apparent dissociation constant of a neuroleptic at the dopamine D2 or D4 receptor varies with the affinity of the competing radioligand". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 291 (2): 59–66. doi:10.1016/0922-4106(95)90125-6. PMID 8566176.
    82. Ablordeppey SY, Altundas R, Bricker B, Zhu XY, Kumar EV, Jackson T, Khan A, Roth BL (2008). "Identification of a butyrophenone analog as a potential atypical antipsychotic agent: 4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butan-1-one". Bioorg. Med. Chem. 16 (15): 7291–301. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2008.06.030. PMC 2664318. PMID 18595716.
    83. Arnt J, Skarsfeldt T (1998). "Do novel antipsychotics have similar pharmacological characteristics? A review of the evidence". Neuropsychopharmacology. 18 (2): 63–101. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(97)00112-7. PMID 9430133.
    84. Tallman JF, Primus RJ, Brodbeck R, Cornfield L, Meade R, Woodruff K, Ross P, Thurkauf A, Gallager DW (1997). "I. NGD 94-1: identification of a novel, high-affinity antagonist at the human dopamine D4 receptor". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 282 (2): 1011–9. PMID 9262370.
    85. Bymaster FP, Calligaro DO, Falcone JF, Marsh RD, Moore NA, Tye NC, Seeman P, Wong DT (1996). "Radioreceptor binding profile of the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine". Neuropsychopharmacology. 14 (2): 87–96. doi:10.1016/0893-133X(94)00129-N. PMID 8822531.
    86. Bymaster FP, Falcone JF (2000). "Decreased binding affinity of olanzapine and clozapine for human muscarinic receptors in intact clonal cells in physiological medium". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 390 (3): 245–8. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00037-6. PMID 10708730.
    87. Kongsamut S, Kang J, Chen XL, Roehr J, Rampe D (2002). "A comparison of the receptor binding and HERG channel affinities for a series of antipsychotic drugs". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 450 (1): 37–41. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02074-5. PMID 12176106.
    88. Wang JS, Zhu HJ, Markowitz JS, Donovan JL, DeVane CL (September 2006). "Evaluation of antipsychotic drugs as inhibitors of multidrug resistance transporter P-glycoprotein". Psychopharmacology. 187 (4): 415–423. doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0437-9. PMID 16810505.
    89. Moons T, de Roo M, Claes S, Dom G (August 2011). "Relationship between P-glycoprotein and second-generation antipsychotics". Pharmacogenomics. 12 (8): 1193–1211. doi:10.2217/pgs.11.55. PMID 21843066.
    90. Horn JR, Hansten P (December 1, 2008). "Drug Transporters: The Final Frontier for Drug Interactions". Pharmacy Times.
    91. Johnson DE, Yamazaki H, Ward KM, Schmidt AW, Lebel WS, Treadway JL, Gibbs EM, Zawalich WS, Rollema H (2005). "Inhibitory Effects of Antipsychotics on Carbachol-Enhanced Insulin Secretion from Perifused Rat Islets: Role of Muscarinic Antagonism in Antipsychotic-Induced Diabetes and Hyperglycemia". Diabetes. 54 (5): 1552–8. doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.5.1552. PMID 15855345.
    92. Weston-Green K, Huang XF, Deng C (10 October 2013). "Second Generation Antipsychotic-Induced Type 2 Diabetes: A Role for the Muscarinic M3 Receptor". CNS Drugs. 27 (12): 1069–1080. doi:10.1007/s40263-013-0115-5. PMID 24114586.
    93. Silvestre JS, Prous J (2005). "Research on adverse drug events. I. Muscarinic M3 receptor binding affinity could predict the risk of antipsychotics to induce type 2 diabetes". Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. 27 (5): 289–304. doi:10.1358/mf.2005.27.5.908643. PMID 16082416.
    94. "olanzapine". NCI Drug Dictionary. National Cancer Institute. 2011-02-02.
    95. Lemke TL, Williams DA (2009) Foye's Medicinal Chemistry, 6th edition. Wolters Kluwer: New Delhi. ISBN 978-81-89960-30-8.
    96. Wallace, Tessa JM; Zai, Clement C; Brandl, Eva J; Müller, Daniel J (2011-08-18). "Role of 5-HT2C receptor gene variants in antipsychotic-induced weight gain". Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine. 4: 83–93. doi:10.2147/PGPM.S11866. ISSN 1178-7066. PMC 3513221. PMID 23226055.
    97. "NDA 21-520" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration. 2003-12-24. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
    98. "NDA 20-592 / S-019" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration. 2004-01-14. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
    99. Pillarella J, Higashi A, Alexander GC, Conti R (2012). "Trends in the use of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of bipolar disorder in the United States, 1998-2009". Psychiatric Services. 63 (1): 83–86. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201100092. PMC 4594841. PMID 22227765. Archived from the original on 2012-02-01.
    100. Bobo WV, Shelton RC (2009). "Olanzapine and fluoxetine combination therapy for treatment-resistant depression: review of efficacy, safety, and study design issues". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 5: 369–83. doi:10.2147/NDT.S5819. PMC 2706569. PMID 19590732.
    101. treatment resistant depression defined as major depressive disorder in adult patients who do not respond to two separate trials of different antidepressants of adequate dose and duration in the current episode
    102. "NDA 20-592" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration. 1996-09-06. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
    103. "Eli Lilly and Company Agrees to Pay $1.415 Billion to Resolve Allegations of Off-label Promotion of Zyprexa". U.S. Justice Department. 2009-01-15. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
    104. "Lilly 2008 Annual Report" (PDF). Lilly. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-01. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
    105. Walsh, Mary Williams (5 September 2008). "Judge to Unseal Documents on the Eli Lilly Drug Zyprexa". The New York Times.
    106. Berenson A (January 4, 2007). "Mother Wonders if Psychosis Drug Helped Kill Son". The New York Times. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
    107. Berenson, Alex (5 January 2007). "Lilly Settles With 18,000 Over Zyprexa". The New York Times.
    108. Pagnamenta, Robin (January 23, 2007). "Eli Lilly was concerned by Zyprexa side-effects from 1998". The Times (London). Archived from the original on February 20, 2007.
    109. Berenson A (December 17, 2006). "Eli Lilly Said to Play Down Risk of Top Pill". The New York Times. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
    110. Harris G, Berenson A (14 January 2009). "Lilly Said to Be Near $1.4 Billion U.S. Settlement". The New York Times.
    111. Berenson, Alex (26 March 2008). "Lilly Settles Alaska Suit Over Zyprexa". The New York Times.
    112. MSN.com Lilly settles Zyprexa suit for $1.42 billion.
    113. Berenson A (December 18, 2006). "Drug Files Show Maker Promoted Unapproved Use". The New York Times. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
    114. Sutherland, A; Naessens, K; Plugge, E; Ware, L; Head, K; Burton, MJ; Wee, B (21 September 2018). "Olanzapine for the prevention and treatment of cancer-related nausea and vomiting in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 9: CD012555. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012555.pub2. PMC 6513437. PMID 30246876.
    115. Schwartzberg, L (March 2018). "Getting it right the first time: recent progress in optimizing antiemetic usage". Supportive Care in Cancer. 26 (Suppl 1): 19–27. doi:10.1007/s00520-018-4116-2. PMC 5876255. PMID 29556812.
    116. McGlashan TH, Zipursky RB, Perkins D, Addington J, Miller TJ, Woods SW, Hawkins KA, Hoffman R, Lindborg S, Tohen M, Breier A (2003). "The PRIME North America randomized double-blind clinical trial of olanzapine versus placebo in patients at risk of being prodromally symptomatic for psychosis". Schizophrenia Research. 61 (1): 7–18. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(02)00439-5. PMID 12648731.
    117. McGlashan TH, Zipursky RB, Perkins D, Addington J, Miller T, Woods SW, Hawkins KA, Hoffman RE, Preda A, Epstein I, Addington D, Lindborg S, Trzaskoma Q, Tohen M, Breier A (2006). "Randomized, Double-Blind Trial of Olanzapine Versus Placebo in Patients Prodromally Symptomatic for Psychosis". American Journal of Psychiatry. 163 (5): 790–9. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.5.790. PMID 16648318.
    This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.