Nursing home care in the United Kingdom

In 2002, nursing homes in the United Kingdom were officially designated as care homes with nursing, and residential homes became known as care homes.[1]

In the United Kingdom care homes and care homes with nursing are regulated by separate organisations in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. To enter a care home, a candidate patient needs an assessment of needs and of their financial condition from their local council. The candidate may also have an assessment by a nurse, should the patient require nursing care.

History

The workhouse
Workhouses were the first implemented national framework to provide a basic level of care to the old and infirm. Pictured, is "The workroom at St James's workhouse" from The Microcosm of London (1808).

The first government attempts at providing basic care for the elderly and the infirm took place at the dawn of the industrial era with the New Poor Law of 1834.[2] Mass unemployment followed the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the introduction of new technology to replace agricultural workers and the rise of factories in the urbanized towns meant that the established system of poor relief was unsustainable. The New Poor Law curbed the cost of poor relief, which had been spiralling throughout the previous decades, and led to the creation of workhouses for those who were unemployed. Most workers in the workhouse were set tasks such as breaking stones, bone crushing to produce fertilizer, or picking oakum using a large metal nail known as a spike.

Although conditions in the workhouse were intended to be harsh to act as a deterrent, in areas such as the provision of free medical care and education for children, inmates were advantaged over the general population. By the late 1840s most workhouses outside London and the larger provincial towns housed only "the incapable, elderly and sick". Responsibility for administration of the Poor Law passed to the Local Government Board in 1871, and the emphasis soon shifted from the workhouse as "a receptacle for the helpless poor" to its role in the care of the sick and elderly. By the end of the century only about 20 per cent admitted to workhouses were unemployed or destitute,[3]:105 but about 30 per cent of the population over 70 were in workhouses.[3]:171 The introduction of pensions for those over 70 in 1908 did not result in a reduction in the number of elderly housed in workhouses, but it reduced the number of those on outdoor relief by 25 per cent.[3]:170

A Royal Commission of 1905 reported that workhouses were unsuited to deal with the different categories of resident they had traditionally housed, and recommended that specialised institutions for each class of pauper should be established in which they could be treated appropriately by properly-trained staff.[4] The Local Government Act of 1929 gave local authorities the power to take over workhouse infirmaries as municipal hospitals and elderly care homes, although outside London few did so.[5]

Eventide: A Scene in the Westminster Union (workhouse), 1878, by Sir Hubert von Herkomer

Public Assistance Institutions

Although the Act formally abolished the workhouse system in 1930, many workhouses, renamed Public Assistance Institutions, continued under the control of local county councils.[6][7] It was not until the National Assistance Act of 1948 that the last vestiges of the Poor Law disappeared, and with them the workhouses. Many of the buildings were converted into old folks' homes run by local authorities;[8] slightly more than 50 percent of local authority accommodation for the elderly was provided in former workhouses in 1960. Many workhouses were also converted into hospitals.[9]

Private nursing homes

Before 1914, those who could afford private nursing care were generally looked after in their own homes, but in the 1920s that began to change. In 1921, there were 25,981 patients in nursing and convalescent homes. In the 1931 census, there were 54,920. The standards of nursing care, however, were low.[10]

In 1977, there were 1,249 Registered Private Hospitals and Nursing Homes in the UK with 34,546 beds. These figures include 117 private hospitals with facilities for surgery. There were at that time 116,564 people aged 65 or over in residential accommodation provided by or on behalf of local authorities, compared with 51,800 patients in NHS hospital departments of geriatric medicine.[11]

In 2019, according to NHS England, there were about 17,000 nursing and residential care homes in England housing about 400,000 people. They were prescribed an average of seven medicines a day, and 14% of the residents were 85 or over.[12]

Quality

In the 1950s and 1960s, the quality of nursing care steadily improved, with the mandatory introduction of central heating, single rooms and en-suite lavatories. In the 1980s, a significant shift from the public sector provision of care for the elderly to private sector homes occurred, with the proportion of private facilities increasing from just 18% in 1980 to 85% by the end of the twentieth century.[2]

There is concern that fees paid to private care homes are insufficient to provide adequate quality care. Rises in fees paid by councils have not kept pace with rising costs of care. That led to falling standards, and many care homes are closing as a result. Professor Martin Green of 'Care England', urged the government to take "urgent action" and provide extra funding to councils and ring-fence that funding for social care. Green stated, "We have been warning about these problems for some time. There is a lot of churn in the sector. Contracts changing hands as providers leave and services stopping. There is simply not enough money in the system."[13] There has been a steady increase in number of care home providers entering insolvency from 35 in 2012-13 to 47 in 2014-15.[14]

Nursing home care can sometimes be seriously inadequate.[15]

Means testing

The cost of a care home is means tested in England. As of April 2009, the lower capital limit is £13,500. At that level, all income from pensions, savings, benefits and other sources, except a "personal expenses allowance" (currently £21.90 per week), goes towards paying the care home fees. The local council pays the remaining contribution if the room occupied is not more expensive than the local council's normal rate.[16]

The NHS has full responsibility for funding the whole placement if the resident meets the criteria for NHS continuing healthcare. That is identified by a multidisciplinary assessment process, as detailed on the Department of Health website.

Regulation

Care homes for adults in England are regulated by Care Quality Commission, which replaced the Commission for Social Care Inspection, and each care home is inspected at least every three years. In Wales the Care Standards Inspectorate for Wales has responsibility for oversight, In Scotland Social Care and Social Work Improvement Scotland otherwise known as the Care Inspectorate, and in Northern Ireland the Regulation and Quality Improvement Authority in Northern Ireland.

There are complaints that some care homes react to legitimate complaints by barring people from seeing their relative in care.[17]

In May 2010, the Coalition Government announced the formation of an independent commission on the funding of long-term care, which was due to report within 12 months on the financing of care for an Ageing population. It delivered its recommendations on Monday 4 July 2011. The Care Quality Commission have themselves implemented a re-registration process, completed in October 2010, which will result in a new form of regulation being outlined in April 2011. [18]

Inspection found some care homes were inadequate. In many private care homes, an investigation found that elderly residents soiling themselves because staff did not attend to them in time, residents with autism suffering inappropriate and disproportionate physical force, patients waiting excessively long after ringing bells because staff are under pressure, elderly residents not treated with respect with underwear exposed and faeces smeared on a cushion, patients put at risk of attack from other patients and medicines handled unsafely.[19] In 2019, the London Fire Brigade published the findings of its inspections of 177 care homes and demanded the urgent review of their fire risk assessments, emergency plans and staff training. Most of the fire risk assessments was said to have been completed by in-house managers who did not understand basic fire safety principles.[20]

See also
  • Care Quality Commission (previously known as Commission for Social Care Inspection)
  • Eileen Chubb
  • Home care in the United Kingdom

Notes
  1. "NHS Continuing Healthcare, NHS funded healthcare and intermediate care" (PDF). Age Concern. August 2007.
  2. "The changing role of care homes" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-12-17.
  3. Fowler, Simon (2007), Workhouse: The People: The Places: The Life Behind Closed Doors, The National Archives, ISBN 978-1-905615-28-5
  4. Crowther (1981), p. 54
  5. May (1987), p. 346
  6. Means, Robin; Smith, Randall (1985), The Development of Welfare Services for Elderly People, Routledge, p. 155, ISBN 0-7099-3531-5
  7. Crowther, A. C. (1981), The Workhouse System 1834–1929: The History of an English Social Institution, Batsford Academic and Educational, p. 110, ISBN 0-7134-3671-9
  8. Longmate, Norman (2003), The Workhouse, Pimlico, p. 284, ISBN 978-0-7126-0637-0
  9. "The rise and fall of the workhouse".
  10. Abel-Smith, Brian (1960). A History of the Nursing Profession. London: Heinemann. p. 128.
  11. Royal Commission on the NHS. HMSO. 1979. ISBN 0-10-176150-3. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  12. "Army of NHS experts brought in to care homes to tackle over-medication". NHS England. 10 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  13. Care sector woes leave frail at risk, regulator says BBC
  14. "Rise in care homes going out of business". Community Care. 26 April 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  15. Secret film exposes care home failures Cornwall care homes rated 'grim and unsafe' BBC
  16. Care Advice from carehome.co.uk url=http://www.carehome.co.uk/advice/
  17. Care homes ban relatives who complain BBC
  18. "Dilnot Commission on Funding of Care and Support". Age UK. Retrieved 2013-04-28.
  19. Companies running 'inadequate' UK care homes make £113m profit The Guardian
  20. "Care homes briefing 191 - Care homes must urgently review fire safety - Serious breaches found by London Fire Brigade". Lexology. 1 March 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
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