Niclosamide

Niclosamide, sold under the trade name Niclocide among others, is a medication used to treat tapeworm infestations.[2] This includes diphyllobothriasis, hymenolepiasis, and taeniasis.[2] It is not effective against other worms such as pinworms or roundworms.[3] It is taken by mouth.[2]

Niclosamide
Clinical data
Trade namesNiclocide, Fenasal, Phenasal, others[1]
AHFS/Drugs.comMicromedex Detailed Consumer Information
ATC code
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.000.052
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC13H8Cl2N2O4
Molar mass327.119 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point225 to 230 °C (437 to 446 °F)
 NY (what is this?)  (verify)

Side effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and itchiness.[2] It may be used during pregnancy and appears to be safe for the baby.[2] Niclosamide is in the anthelmintic family of medications.[3] It works by blocking the uptake of sugar by the worm.[4]

Niclosamide was discovered in 1958.[5] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.[6] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 0.24 USD for a course of treatment.[7] It is not commercially available in the United States.[3] It is effective in a number of other animals.[4]

Side effects

Side effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, and itchiness.[2] Rarely, dizziness, skin rash, drowsiness, perianal itching, or an unpleasant taste occur. For some of these reasons, praziquantel is a preferable and equally effective treatment for tapeworm infestation.

Mechanism of action

Niclosamide inhibits glucose uptake, oxidative phosphorylation, and anaerobic metabolism in the tapeworm.[8]

Other applications

Niclosamide's metabolic effects are relevant to wide ranges of organisms, and accordingly it has been applied as a control measure to organisms other than tapeworms. For example, it is an active ingredient in some formulations such as Bayluscide for killing lamprey larvae,[9][10] as a molluscide,[11] and as a general purpose piscicide in aquaculture. Niclosamide has a short half-life in water in field conditions; this makes it valuable in ridding commercial fish ponds of unwanted fish; it loses its activity soon enough to permit re-stocking within a few days of eradicating the previous population.[11] Researchers have found that niclosamide is effective in killing invasive zebra mussels in cool waters.[12]

Research

Niclosamide is being studied in a number of types of cancer.[13] Niclosamide along with oxyclozanide, another anti-tapeworm drug, was found in a 2015 study to display "strong in vivo and in vitro activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)".[14]

References
  1. CID 4477 from PubChem
  2. WHO Model Formulary 2008 (PDF). World Health Organization. 2009. pp. 81, 87, 591. ISBN 9789241547659. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-12-13.
  3. "Niclosamide Advanced Patient Information - Drugs.com". www.drugs.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  4. Jim E. Riviere; Mark G. Papich (13 May 2013). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1096. ISBN 978-1-118-68590-7. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
  5. Mehlhorn, Heinz (2008). Encyclopedia of Parasitology: A-M. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 483. ISBN 9783540489948. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20.
  6. "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)" (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  7. "Niclosamide". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  8. Weinbach EC, Garbus J (1969). "Mechanism of action of reagents that uncouple oxidative phosphorylation". Nature. 221 (5185): 1016–8. doi:10.1038/2211016a0. PMID 4180173.
  9. Boogaard, Michael A. Delivery Systems of Piscicides "Request Rejected" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-01. Retrieved 2017-05-30.
  10. Verdel K.Dawson (2003). "Environmental Fate and Effects of the Lampricide Bayluscide: a Review". Journal of Great Lakes Research. 29 (Supplement 1): 475–492. doi:10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70509-7.
  11. "WHO Specifications And Evaluations. For Public Health Pesticides. Niclosamide" (PDF).
  12. "Researchers find new methods to combat invasive zebra mussels". The Minnesota Daily. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
  13. "Clinical Trials Using Niclosamide". NCI. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  14. Repurposing Salicylanilide Anthelmintic Drugs to Combat Drug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Archived 2015-05-02 at the Wayback Machine at PLOS
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.