Aura (symptom)

An aura is a perceptual disturbance experienced by some with migraines or seizures. The aura stage precedes a generalized or grand mal seizure in epilepsy, as the side-effects of a focal seizure(s) or petit mal(s) which may or may not be followed by a generalized or grand mal seizure or seizures, but can happen at any stage of a migraine. It often manifests as the perception of a strange light, an unpleasant smell, or confusing thoughts or experiences. Some people experience aura without a subsequent migraine or seizure (see silent migraine). Auras vary by individual experience; some people experience smells, lights, or hallucinations. Less known symptoms of the eye include disturbances, where the eyes roll in the back of the head caused by photosensitivity. A sufferer of this type of aura may experience tearfulness of the eyes and uncontrollable sensations of light followed by reduced symptoms after approximately 20 minutes; it is the rarest type of aura.

Aura
Artist's depiction of zig-zag lines appearing as part of a migraine aura phenomenon
SpecialtyNeurology

Auras, when they occur, allow some people who have epilepsy time to prevent injury to themselves and/or others. The time between the appearance of the aura and the migraine lasts from a few seconds up to an hour. The aura can stay with a migraine sufferer for the duration of the migraine; depending on the type of aura, it can leave the person disoriented and confused. It is common for migraine sufferers to experience more than one type of aura during the migraine. Most people who have auras have the same type of aura every time. It is hypothesized that the nature of epileptic auras are determined by the part or parts of the brain in which an individual's seizures originate.

Auras can also be confused with sudden onset of panic, panic attacks or anxiety attacks, which creates difficulties in diagnosis. The differential diagnosis of patients who experience symptoms of paresthesias, derealization, dizziness, chest pain, tremors, and palpitations can be quite challenging.[1]

Seizures

An epileptic aura is the consequence of the activation of functional cortex by abnormal, unilateral, and brief neuronal discharge.[2] In addition to being a warning sign to an upcoming seizure, the nature of an aura can give insight into the localization and lateralization of the seizure or migraine.

Not everyone experiences an aura with a seizure, but the most common auras include motor, somatosensory, visual, and auditory symptoms.[3] The activation in the brain during an aura can spread through multiple regions continuously or discontinuously, on the same side or to both sides.[4]

Auras are particularly common in focal seizures. If the motor cortex is involved in the overstimulation of neurons, motor auras can result. Likewise, somatosensory auras (such as tingling, numbness, and pain) can result if in the somatosensory cortex. When the primary somatosensory cortex is activated, more discrete parts on the opposite side of the body and the secondary somatosensory areas result in symptoms ipsilateral to the seizure focus.

Visual auras can be simple or complex. Simple visual symptoms can include static, flashing, or moving lights/shapes/colors caused mostly by abnormal activity in the primary visual cortex. Complex visual auras can include people, scenes, and objects which results from stimulation of the temporo-occipital junction and is lateralized to one hemifield. Auditory auras can also be simple (ringing, buzzing) or complex (voices, music). Simple symptoms can occur from activation in the primary auditory cortex and complex symptoms from the temporo-occipital cortex at the location of the auditory association areas.[5]

Examples
Artist's depiction of scintillating scotoma
Example of a scintillating scotoma aura with each dot or line flickering.
Example of Scintillating Scotoma showing an obscured/distorted area bordered with colors.

An aura sensation can include some or a combination of the following:

Visual changes
  • Bright lights and blobs
  • Zigzag lines
  • Distortions in the size or shape of objects
  • Vibrating visual field
  • Scintillating scotoma
  • Scotoma
    • Blind or dark spots in the field of vision
    • Curtain-like effect over one eye
    • Slowly spreading spots
  • Kaleidoscope effects on visual field
  • Temporary blindness in one or both eyes[6][7]
  • Heightened sensitivity to light

Auditory changes
  • Hearing voices or sounds that do not exist: true auditory hallucinations
  • Modification of voices or sounds in the environment: buzzing, tremolo, amplitude modulation or other modulations
  • Heightened sensitivity to hearing

Other sensations
  • Strange smells (Phantosmia) or tastes (Gustatory hallucinations)
  • Heightened sensitivity to smell
  • Synesthesia[8]
  • Déjà vu or Jamais vu
  • Cephalic aura, a perception of movement of the head or inside the head
  • Abdominal aura such as an epigastric rising sensation
  • Nausea[7]
  • A sudden feeling of anxiety, fear or foreboding
  • Numbness or tingling sensation (Paresthesia)[7]
  • Weakness on one side of the body (Hemiparesis)[7]
  • Feelings of being separated from or floating above one's body (Dissociation)
  • Sensation of limbs or teeth growing
  • Feeling of overheating and sudden perspiration
  • Inability to speak (Aphasia) or slurred speech
  • Confusion; forgetting how to do common tasks or comprehend spoken words

See also

References
  1. Sudden Onset Panic: Epileptic Aura or Panic Disorder? Robin A. Hurley, M.D., Ronald Fisher, M.D., Ph.D. and Katherine H. Taber, Ph.D.
  2. Fernandez-Torre JL (2002). "Epileptic auras: classification, pathophysiology, practical usefulness, differential diagnosis and controversials". Revista de Neurologia. 34 (10): 977–983.
  3. Sharma S., Dixit V. (2013). "Epilepsy – A Comprehensive Review". International Journal of Pharmacological Research & Review. 2 (12): 61–80.
  4. Tuxhorn I. E. B. (2005). "Somatosensory auras in focal epilepsy: A clinical, video EEG and MRI study". Seizure: European Journal of Epilepsy. 14 (4): 262–268. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2005.02.005. PMID 15911361.
  5. Foldvary-Schaefer, N. & Unnwonqse, K. (2011). Localizing and Lateralizing features of auras and seizures. Epilepsy behavior 20: 160-166
  6. Robert, Teri. "Living Well With Migraine Disease and Headaches" New York HarperCollins 2004
  7. http://www.ccjm.org/content/72/6/529.full.pdf+html
  8. Marcel Neckar; Petr Bob (11 January 2016). "Synesthetic associations and psychosensory symptoms of temporal epilepsy". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 12: 109–12. doi:10.2147/NDT.S95464. PMC 4714732. PMID 26811683.
  9. Page 258 in: Britt Talley Daniel (2010). Migraine. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-4490-6962-9.
Classification
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.