Medium-chain triglyceride
Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) are triglycerides with two or three fatty acids having an aliphatic tail of 6β12 carbon atoms, i.e., medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs). Rich food sources for commercial extraction of MCTs include palm kernel oil and coconut oil.

List of MCFAs
Lipid number | Name | Salt/ester name | Formula | Mass (g/mol) |
Appearance | Chemical structure | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Common | Systematic | Common | Systematic | Molecular | Structural | ||||
C6:0 | Caproic acid | Hexanoic acid | Caproate | Hexanoate | C6H12O2 | CH3(CH2)4COOH | 116.16 | Oily liquid | ![]() |
C8:0 | Caprylic acid | Octanoic acid | Caprylate | Octanoate | C8H16O2 | CH3(CH2)6COOH | 144.21 | Oily liquid | ![]() |
C10:0 | Capric acid | Decanoic acid | Caprate | Decanoate | C10H20O2 | CH3(CH2)8COOH | 172.26 | White crystals | ![]() |
C12:0 | Lauric acid | Dodecanoic acid | Laurate | Dodecanoate | C12H24O2 | CH3(CH2)10COOH | 200.32 | White powder | ![]() |
With regard to MCFAs, apart from the above listed straight chain (unbranched chain) fatty acids, side chain (branched chain) fatty acids also exist.[1]
Applications
Dietary relevance
Molecular weight analysis[2] of milk from different species showed that while milk fats from all studied species were primarily composed of long-chain fatty acid (16 and 18 carbons long), approximately 10β20% of the fatty acids in milk from horses, cows, sheep, and goats were medium-chain fatty acids.
Some studies have shown that MCTs can help in the process of excess calorie burning, thus weight loss.[3][4][5] MCTs are also seen as promoting fat oxidation and reduced food intake.[6] MCTs have been recommended by some endurance athletes and the bodybuilding community.[7] While health benefits from MCTs seem to occur, a link to improved exercise performance is inconclusive.[6] A number of studies back the use of MCT oil as a weight loss supplement, but these claims are not without conflict, as about an equal number found inconclusive results.[8]
Medical relevance
MCTs passively diffuse from the GI tract to the portal system (longer fatty acids are absorbed into the lymphatic system) without requirement for modification like long-chain fatty acids or very-long-chain fatty acids. In addition, MCTs do not require bile salts for digestion. Patients who have malnutrition, malabsorption or particular fatty-acid metabolism disorders are treated with MCTs because MCTs do not require energy for absorption, use, or storage.
Medium-chain triglycerides are generally considered a good biologically inert source of energy that the human body finds reasonably easy to metabolize. They have potentially beneficial attributes in protein metabolism, but may be contraindicated in some situations due to a reported tendency to induce ketogenesis and metabolic acidosis.[9] However, there is other evidence demonstrating no risk of ketoacidosis or ketonemia with MCTs at levels associated with normal consumption,[4] and that the moderately elevated blood ketones can be an effective treatment for epilepsy.[10]
Due to their ability to be absorbed rapidly by the body, medium-chain triglycerides have found use in the treatment of a variety of malabsorption ailments. MCT supplementation with a low-fat diet has been described as the cornerstone of treatment for Waldmann disease.[11] MCTs are an ingredient in some specialised parenteral nutritional emulsions in some countries.[12][13] Studies have also shown promising results for epilepsy through the use of ketogenic dieting.[10][14][15]
Technical uses
MCTs are bland compared to other fats and do not generate off-notes (dissonant tastes) as quickly as LCTs. They are also more polar than LCTs. Because of these attributes, they are widely used as solvents for flavours and oral medicines and vitamins.[16]
See also
- Ketogenic diet
- List of saturated fatty acids
- List of carboxylic acids
References
- Chang, P.; Terbach, N.; Plant, N.; Chen, P. E.; Walker, M. C.; Williams, R. S. (2013). "Seizure control by ketogenic diet-associated medium chain fatty acids". Neuropharmacology. 69: 105β114. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.11.004. PMC 3625124. PMID 23177536.
- Breckenridge, W. C.; Kuksis, A. (September 1967). "Molecular weight distributions of milk fat triglycerides from seven species". Journal of Lipid Research. 8 (5): 473.
- M-P. St-Onge; P.J.H. Jones (2003). "Greater rise in fat oxidation with medium-chain triglyceride consumption relative to long-chain triglyceride is associated with lower initial body weight and greater loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue". International Journal of Obesity. 27 (12): 1565β1571. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802467. PMID 12975635.
- B. Martena; M. Pfeuffer; J. Schrezenmeir (2006). "Medium-chain triglycerides". International Dairy Journal. 16 (11): 1374β1382. doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2006.06.015. PMC 2020023.
- St-Onge, MP; Jones, PJ (2002). "Physiological effects of medium-chain triglycerides: potential agents in the prevention of obesity". The Journal of Nutrition. 132 (3): 329β332. doi:10.1093/jn/132.3.329. PMID 11880549.
- Clegg, ME (2010). "Medium-chain triglycerides are advantageous in promoting weight loss although not beneficial to exercise performance". International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 61 (7): 653β679. doi:10.3109/09637481003702114. PMID 20367215.
- Talbott, Shawn M. and Kerry Hughes. (2006). The Health Professional's Guide to Dietary Supplements. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 60β63. ISBN 978-0-7817-4672-4.
- Rego Costa, AC; Rosado, EL; Soares-Mota, M (2012). "Influence of the dietary intake of medium chain triglycerides on body composition, energy expenditure and satiety: a systematic review". Nutr Hosp. 27 (1): 103β138. doi:10.1590/S0212-16112012000100011 (inactive 2019-08-20). PMID 22566308.
- Wanten, GJ; Naber, AH (2004). "Cellular and physiological effects of medium-chain triglycerides". Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry. 4 (8): 847β57. doi:10.2174/1389557043403503. PMID 15544546.
- Chang P, Terbach N, Plant N, Chen PE, Walker MC, Williams RS (2013). "Seizure control by ketogenic diet-associated medium chain fatty acids". Neuropharmacology. 69: 105β114. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.11.004. PMC 3625124. PMID 23177536.
- Vignes, S.; Bellanger, J. (Feb 2008). "Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia (Waldmann's disease)". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases (Free full text). 3: 5. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-3-5. PMC 2288596. PMID 18294365.
- Waitzberg, D. L.; Torrinhas, R. S.; Jacintho, T. M. (JulyβAugust 2006). "New parenteral lipid emulsions for clinical use". Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 30 (4): 351β367. doi:10.1177/0148607106030004351. PMID 16804134.
- Krohn, K.; Koletzko, B. (2006). "Parenteral lipid emulsions in paediatrics". Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 9 (3): 319β323. doi:10.1097/01.mco.0000222118.76536.ad. PMID 16607135.
- Neal, E. G.; Cross, J. H. (2010). "Efficacy of dietary treatments for epilepsy". Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 23 (2): 113β119. doi:10.1111/j.1365-277X.2010.01043.x. PMID 20487176.
- Liu, Y. M. C. (2008). "Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) ketogenic therapy". Epilepsia. 49: 33β36. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01830.x. PMID 19049583.
- Akoh, Casimir C. (2006). Handbook of Functional Lipids. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8493-2162-7.
Further reading
- Nagao, K.; Yanagita, T. (2010). "Medium-chain fatty acids: Functional lipids for the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome". Pharmacological Research. 61 (3): 208β212. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2009.11.007. PMID 19931617.
- Aoyama, T; Nosaka, N; Kasai, M (2007). "Research on the nutritional characteristics of medium-chain fatty acids". The Journal of Medical Investigation : JMI. 54 (3β4): 385β8. doi:10.2152/jmi.54.385. PMID 17878693.
- Bach AndrΓ© C.; Babayan Vigen K (1982). "Medium-chain triglycerides: an update" (PDF). The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 36 (5): 950β962. doi:10.1093/ajcn/36.5.950. PMID 6814231.
- Babayan, VK (1987). "Medium chain triglycerides and structured lipids". Lipids. 22 (6): 417β20. doi:10.1007/BF02537271. PMID 3112486.
- Heydinger, Jenifer A., Dilip K. Nakhasi (1996). "Medium Chain Triacylglycerols". Journal of Food Lipids. 3 (4): 251β257. doi:10.1111/j.1745-4522.1996.tb00072.x.
- Kaunitz, H. (1986). "Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) in aging and arteriosclerosis". Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology. 6 (3β4): 115β121. PMID 3519928.
- Labarthe, F. O.; GΓ©linas, R.; Des Rosiers, C. (2008). "Medium-chain Fatty Acids as Metabolic Therapy in Cardiac Disease". Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy. 22 (2): 97β106. doi:10.1007/s10557-008-6084-0. PMID 18253821.