Marnaviridae

Marnaviridae is a family of positive-stranded RNA viruses in the order Picornavirales.[2] The first marnavirus that was isolated, and which is the type species for the family, infects a Microphyte: the toxic bloom-forming Raphidophyte, Heterosigma akashiwo.[3] Algae therefore seem to serve as natural hosts. There is only one genus (Marnavirus) and one species in this family, the type species Heterosigma akashiwo RNA virus (HaRNAV).[4]

Marnaviridae
Low-resolution image of a Marnavirus under electron microscope
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Phylum: incertae sedis
Order: Picornavirales
Family: Marnaviridae
Genera[1]

HaRNAV was isolated from water collected in the Strait of Georgia in British Columbia, Canada, from a concentrated virus assemblage using the host Heterosigma akashiwo (NEPCC 522).[5]

Although the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses currently only recognizes one member of the family, environmental sequencing of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase has shown that there are many related viruses in the sea that show a high degree of temporal and spatial diversity.[6][7]

Structure

Viruses in Marnaviridae are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=pseudo3 symmetry. The diameter is around 25 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 8.6kb in length.[8]

GenusStructureSymmetryCapsidGenomic arrangementGenomic segmentation
MarnavirusIcosahedralPseudo T=3Non-envelopedLinearMonopartite

Life cycle

Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by tubule-guided viral movement.

Marine phytoplankton serve as the natural hosts of the only known member of the family Marnaviridae.[8]

GenusHost detailsTissue tropismEntry detailsRelease detailsReplication siteAssembly siteTransmission
MarnavirusMicrophytePhytoplanktonNoneCell receptor endocytosisUnknownCytoplasmCytoplasmPassive diffusion

References
  1. "Virus Taxonomy: 2018b Release" (html). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  2. "Marnaviridae - Positive Sense RNA Viruses - Positive Sense RNA Viruses (2011) - International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  3. Lang, A. S.; Culley, A. I.; Suttle, C. A. (2004). "Genome sequence and characterization of a virus (HaRNAV) related to picorna-like viruses that infects the marine toxic bloom-forming alga Heterosigma akashiwo". Virology. 320 (2): 206–217. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2003.10.015. PMID 15016544.
  4. ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  5. Tai, Vera; Lawrence, Janice E.; Lang, Andrew S.; Chan, Amy M.; Culley, Alexander I.; Suttle, Curtis A. (2003). "Characterization of HaRNAV, a single-stranded RNA virus causing lysis of Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae)". Journal of Phycology. 39 (2): 206–217. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.01162.x.
  6. Culley, Alexander I.; Lang, Andrew S.; Suttle, Curtis A. (2006). "Metagenomic analysis of coastal RNA virus communities". Science. 312 (5781): 1795–1798. doi:10.1126/science.1127404. PMID 16794078.
  7. Gustavsen, Julia A.; Winget, Danielle M.; Tian, Xian; Suttle, Curtis A. (2014). "High temporal and spatial diversity in marine RNA viruses implies that they have an important role in mortality and structuring plankton communities". Frontiers in Microbiology. 5 (703): 703. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00703. PMC 4266044. PMID 25566218.
  8. "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
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