Lurasidone

Lurasidone, sold under the trade name Latuda among others, is an antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.[1] In bipolar it may be used together with a mood stabilizer such as lithium or valproate.[1] It is taken by mouth.[1]

Lurasidone
Clinical data
Pronunciation/ljʊəˈræsɪdoʊn/
Trade namesLatuda, others
Other namesSM-13,496
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa611016
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B1
  • US: B (No risk in non-human studies)
    Routes of
    administration    		By mouth
    Drug classAtypical antipsychotic[1]
    ATC code
    Legal status
    Legal status
    Pharmacokinetic data
    Bioavailability9–19% (oral)[2]
    Protein binding~99%[3]
    MetabolismLiver (CYP3A4-mediated)[2]
    Elimination half-life18–40 hours[2][3]
    ExcretionFaecal (67–80%),
    renal (9–19%)[2][3]
    Identifiers
    CAS Number
    PubChem CID
    IUPHAR/BPS
    DrugBank
    ChemSpider
    UNII
    KEGG
    ChEBI
    ChEMBL
    ECHA InfoCard100.225.187
    Chemical and physical data
    FormulaC28H36N4O2S
    Molar mass492.68 g/mol g·mol−1
    3D model (JSmol)
    Specific rotation[α]20D −59°
    Melting point176 to 178 °C (349 to 352 °F)
    Solubility in water0.224 mg/mL (20 °C)

    Common side effects include sleepiness, movement disorders, nausea, and diarrhea.[1] Serious side effects may include the potentially permanent movement disorder tardive dyskinesia, as well as neuroleptic malignant syndrome, an increased risk of suicide, angioedema, and high blood sugar levels.[1] In older people with psychosis as a result of dementia, it may increase the risk of dying.[1] Use during pregnancy is of unclear safety.[4] How it works is not clear but is believed to involve effects on dopamine and serotonin in the brain.[1]

    Lurasidone was approved for medical use in the United States in 2010.[1] A month supply in the United Kingdom costs the NHS about £90.72 as of 2019.[4] In the United States the wholesale cost of this amount is about US$190.20.[5] In 2016, it was the 227th most prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2.2 million prescriptions.[6]

    Medical uses

    Lurasidone is used for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.[1]

    In a 2013 study in a comparison of 15 antipsychotic drugs in effectiveness in treating schizophrenic symptoms, lurasidone demonstrated mild effectiveness. It is considered to be as effective as iloperidone, and 13 to 15% less effective than ziprasidone, chlorpromazine, and asenapine.[7]

    In July 2013 lurasidone received approval for bipolar I depression.[8][9] Few available atypical antipsychotics are known to possess antidepressant efficacy in bipolar disorder (with the notable exceptions being quetiapine,[10][11][12][13] olanzapine[14][15][16] and possibly asenapine[17]) as a monotherapy, even though the majority of atypical antipsychotics are known to possess significant antimanic activity,[18] which is yet to be clearly demonstrated for lurasidone.

    Lurasidone is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of behavior disorders in older adults with dementia.[19]

    Contraindications

    Lurasidone is contraindicated in individuals who are taking strong inhibitors of the liver enzyme CYP3A4 (ketoconazole, clarithromycin, ritonavir, levodropropizine, etc.) or inducers (carbamazepine, St. John's wort, phenytoin, rifampicin etc.).[20] The use of lurasidone in pregnant women has not been studied and is not recommended; in animal studies, no risks have been found.[21] Excretion in breast milk is also unknown; lurasidone is not recommended for breastfeeding women.[22] In the United States it is not indicated for use in children.[23]

    Side effects
    See also: List of adverse effects of lurasidone

    Side effects are generally similar to other antipsychotics. The drug has a relatively well-tolerated side effect profile, with low propensity for QTc interval changes, weight gain and lipid-related adverse effects.[24] In a 2013 meta-analysis of the efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs it was found to produce the second least (after haloperidol) weight gain, the least QT interval prolongation, the fourth most extrapyramidal side effects (after haloperidol, zotepine and chlorpromazine) and the sixth least sedation (after paliperidone, sertindole, amisulpride, iloperidone and aripiprazole).[7]

    As with other atypical neuroleptics, lurasidone should be used with caution in the elderly because it puts them at an increased risk for a stroke or transient ischemic attack;[25][26] however, these risks are not likely to be greater than those associated with antipsychotics of other classes.[27] Similarly, lurasidone should not be used to treat dementia-related psychosis, as evidence has shown increased mortality with antipsychotic use.[28]

    Weight gain is reported in up to 15 and 16 percent of users.[29][30]

    Discontinuation

    The British National Formulary recommends a gradual withdrawal when discontinuing antipsychotics to avoid acute withdrawal syndrome or rapid relapse.[31] Symptoms of withdrawal commonly include nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite.[32] Other symptoms may include restlessness, increased sweating, and trouble sleeping.[32] Less commonly there may be a feeling of the world spinning, numbness, or muscle pains.[32] Symptoms generally resolve after a short period of time.[32]

    There is tentative evidence that discontinuation of antipsychotics can result in psychosis.[33] It may also result in reoccurrence of the condition that is being treated.[34] Rarely tardive dyskinesia can occur when the medication is stopped.[32]

    Interactions

    Blood plasma concentrations may be increased when combined with CYP3A4 inhibitors, possibly leading to more side effects. This has been clinically verified for ketoconazole, which increases lurasidone exposure by a factor of 9, and is also expected for other 3A4 inhibitors such as grapefruit juice. Co-administration of CYP3A4 inducers like rifampicin or St. John's wort can reduce plasma levels of lurasidone and its active metabolite, and consequently decrease the effects of the drug. For rifampicin, the reduction was sixfold in a study.[3]

    Pharmacology

    Pharmacodynamics
    See also: Atypical antipsychotic § Pharmacodynamics, and Antipsychotic § Comparison of medications
    Lurasidone[35]
    SiteKi (nM)ActionSpeciesRef
    5-HT1A6.75Partial agonistRat[36]
    5-HT2A2.03AntagonistRat[36]
    5-HT2BNDNDNDND
    5-HT2C415NDPig[36]
    5-HT3>1,000NDND[36]
    5-HT4>1,000NDND[36]
    5-HT70.495AntagonistHuman[36]
    D1262NDND[36]
    D21.68AntagonistRat[36]
    D315.7AntagonistNDND
    D4.430NDNDND
    D5NDNDNDND
    α147.9NDRat[36]
    α2A40.7NDHuman[36]
    α2BNDNDNDND
    α2C10.8AntagonistHuman[36]
    β1>1,000NDND[36]
    β2>1,000NDND[36]
    H1>1,000NDGuinea pig[36]
    M1>1,000NDHuman[36]
    SERT>1,000NDND[36]
    NETNDNDNDND
    DAT>1,000NDND[36]
    Values are Ki (nM). The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site.

    Lurasidone acts as an antagonist of the dopamine D2 and D3 receptors, the serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT7 receptors, and the α2C-adrenergic receptor, and as a partial agonist of the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor.[36][37] It has only low and likely clinically unimportant affinity for the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor, which may underlie its low propensity for appetite stimulation and weight gain.[36][38][39] The drug also has negligible affinity for the histamine H1 receptor and the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, and hence has no antihistamine or anticholinergic effects.[37][40]

    Pharmacokinetics
    ID-14283, the main active metabolite. The hydroxylation of the norbornane ring is highlighted.[41] The other active metabolite, ID-14326, has the OH group in endo position.[42]
    The main inactivation step by oxidative N-dealkylation produces the metabolites ID-11614 and ID-20219.[42][43]

    Lurasidone is taken by mouth and has an estimated absorption rate of 9 to 19%.[2] Studies have shown that when lurasidone is taken with food, absorption increases about twofold. Peak blood plasma concentrations are reached after one to three hours. About 99% of the circulating substance are bound to plasma proteins.[3]

    Lurasidone is mainly metabolized in the liver via the enzyme CYP3A4, but has negligible affinity to other cytochrome P450 enzymes. It is transported by P-glycoprotein and ABCG2 and also inhibits these carrier proteins in vitro. It also inhibits the solute carrier protein SLC22A1, but no other relevant transporters.[3][25]

    Main metabolism pathways are oxidative N-dealkylation between the piperazine and cyclohexane rings, hydroxylation of the norbornane ring, and S-oxidation.[3][43]:59 Other pathways are hydroxylation of the cyclohexane ring and reductive cleavage of the isothiazole ring followed by S-methylation.[42] The two relevant active metabolites are the norbornane hydroxylation products called ID-14283 and ID-14326, the former reaching pharmacologically relevant blood plasma concentrations. The two major inactive metabolites are the N-dealkylation products (the carboxylic acid ID-20219 and the piperazine ID-11614[42]), and a norbornane hydroxylated derivative of ID-20219 (ID-20220). Of lurasidone and its metabolites circulating in the blood, the native drug makes up 11%, the main active metabolite 4%, and the inactive carboxylic acids 24% and 11%, respectively.[2][3] Several dozen metabolites have been identified altogether.[43]:59–61

    Biological half-life is given as 18 hours or 20 to 40 hours in different sources. 80% or 67% of a radiolabelled dose was recovered from the faeces, and 9% or 19% from the urine.[2][3]

    History

    Lurasidone was made in 2003.[44]

    Lurasidone is a structural analogue of Ziprasidone (Zeldox). Lurasidone shows a very close pharmacological profile and has been synthesized similarly to Ziprasidone.[45]

    Lurasidone is chemically similar to Perospirone (also a chemical analogue of Zeldox), as well as Risperidone, Paliperidone and Iloperidone.[46]

    It has approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating schizophrenia since 2010 and for treating depressive episodes in adults with bipolar I disorder since 2013.[2]

    Society and culture
    Latuda 40mg and 80mg bottles with 80mg tablets.

    Trade names

    In India, this drug is available under the brand names of Atlura, Lurace, Lurafic, Luramax, Lurasid, Lurastar, Latuda, Lurata[47] and additionally as Alsiva, Emsidon, Lurakem, Luratrend, Tablura, and Unison.[48]

    Regulatory approval

    Lurasidone is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of schizophrenia since 2010[49] and depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder since 2013.[8] It received regulatory approval in the United Kingdom in September 2014. In October 2014, NHS Scotland advised use of lurasidone for schizophrenic adults who have not seen improvements with previous antipsychotics due to problems that arise from weight gain or changes in metabolic pathways when taking other medications.[50] It received approval by the European Medicines Agency on 24 January 2014. It was launched in Canada for the treatment of schizophrenia in September 2012, Health Canada giving their Summary Basis of Decision (SBD) as favourable on 15 October 2012.[51] European Commission has granted a marketing authorization for once-daily oral lurasidone for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults.[52] It is approved for use in the EU.[53]

    See also

    References
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