List of Nazi doctors

This is a list of notable Nazi medical doctors (physicians).

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When the Nazi government came to power it purged Germany of its 6,000 to 7,000 Jewish doctors.[1] Reportedly more than 7% of all German physicians became members of the Nazi party during World War II, a far higher percentage than the general population.[2] In 1942 more than 38,000 German doctors, half the total number of doctors, had joined the Nazi party.[3][4] While most of these doctors were physicians, some were psychiatrists, and some held doctorates (PhD.'s) in biology, anthropology, or similarly related fields.

Psychiatrists/Doctors who were working for the state, and not for their patient, using a Mendelian type of logic chart, saw extermination of their patients as the correct solution to the problem of mental illness and the genetically defective.[5][6][7][8]

"The participation in the ‘betrayal of Hippocrates’ had a broad basis within the German medical profession. Without the doctors' active help, the Holocaust could not have happened." wrote E Ernst in the International Journal of Epidemiology.[9]

Psychiatrist Ernst Rüdin was the founder of the psychiatric genetics field and was also a founder of the German racial hygiene movement.[10]

Killing and experimentation[11] became medical procedures as they were performed by licensed doctors. A doctor was present at all the mass killings for legal reasons.[12] The excuse that there wasn't any international law to differentiate between legal and illegal human experimentation, was used in the Doctors' trial.[13] Due to the lack of international laws to govern doctors, the Nuremberg Code (1947) was created.

After the war the German Medical Association blamed Nazi atrocities on a small group of 350 criminal doctors.[14][15][16]

Doctors such as Werner Heyde[17] and Robert Ley,[18] changed their name after the war to avoid responsibility. Dr Walter Schreiber first used by the Soviets was later taken into Operation Paperclip in 1951.

Alphabetical List of the Nazi physicians.

A
  • Dr. Kurt Albrecht (Mediziner), psychiatrist. Germany

B
  • Dr. Karl Babor. German Wikipedia entry on Karl Babor (German Wikipedia), Physician.
  • Dr. Ernst Baumhard (Dr. Jäger), Physician.[19]
  • Dr. Heinz Baumkötter. Tried in the Sachsenhausen trials.
  • Dr. Hermann Becker-Freyseng, Physician.
  • Dr. Wilhelm Beiglböck (Beiglboeck, Bleibeck), Physician. Defendant in the doctors trial.
  • Dr. Friedrich Berner (Dr. Barth), Physician.
  • Dr Hans Bertha Head psychiatrist of Am Steinhof, Vienna’s main wartime psychiatric hospital.[20]
  • Dr. Otto Bickenbach
  • Dr. Kurt Borm, Physician. T4 pseudonym “Dr Storm”. Full name Kurt Walter Werner Borm. Killed or assisted in 6,652 patients deaths and acquitted 6 June 1972.
  • Dr. Kurt Blome, Physician. Defendant in the doctors trial. Dr Walter Schreiber gave evidence against Blome.
  • Dr. Karl Brandt, Physician. Defendant in the doctors trial.
  • Dr. Heinrich Bunke (a.k.a. Dr. Rieper, Dr. Keller), Physician.

C
  • Dr. Carl Clauberg, Gynecologist.
  • Dr. Leonardo Conti, Physician. Named as killing patients in Clemens August Graf von Galen August 3, 1941 sermon.[21]
  • Dr. Fritz Cropp, Physician.

D
  • Dr. Hans Delmotte Physician.
  • Dr. Erwin Oskar Ding (alias Schuler), Physician.

E
  • Dr. Irmfried Eberl (A.K.A. Dr. Schneider, Dr. Meyer), psychiatrist, Austria
  • Dr. Hans Ehlich
  • Dr. Hans Eisele, Physician.
  • Dr. Klaus Endruweit, Physician.
  • Dr. Willi Enke [22]
  • Dr. Friedrich Entress, Friedrich Entress (German Wikipedia), Physician.[23] Executed on the 28th May 1947 per the Dachau Trials
  • Dr. Hans Eppinger, Physician.

F
  • Dr. Valentin Faltlhauser Valentin Faltlhauser was a T4-Gutachter.
  • Dr. Eugen Fischer (eugenics)
  • Dr. Fritz Fischer (medical doctor)

G
  • Dr. Karl Franz Gebhardt, Physician.
  • Dr. Emil Gelny Psychiatrist who killed patients with a modified ECT machine.[24][25]
  • Dr. Karl August Genzken, Physician. Tried as a war criminal.
  • Dr. Hans Bodo Gorgaß Full name Hans Bodo Gorgaß/Gorgass (A.K.A. Dr. Kramer) Physician.
  • Dr. Ernst-Robert Grawitz, Physician.
  • Dr. Heinrich Gross psychiatrist, physician and neurologist, Austria
  • Dr. Kurt Gutzeit, Gastroenterologist

H
  • Dr. Eugen Haagen
  • Dr. Julius Hallervorden
  • Dr. Siegfried Handloser
  • Dr. Ernst Hefter (psychiatrist)
  • Dr. Aribert (Ferdinand) Heim (Dr Death)
  • Dr. Hans Heinze, psychiatrist, Germany
  • Dr. Martin Hellinger (dentist) sentenced February 3, 1947(Hamburg) to 15 years in prison.[26]
  • Dr. Günther Hennecke (Dr. Ott)
  • Dr. Werner Heyde, Psychiatrist. After World War II known as Dr Fritz Sawade, Germany
  • Dr. Fritz Hintermayer
  • Dr. Rudolf Hippius, psychologist
  • Dr. Erich Hippke
  • Dr. Alfred Erich Hoche, Psychiatrist
  • Dr. Ernst Holzlöhner
  • Dr. Waldemar Hoven

I
  • Dr. Yusuf Bey Murad Ibrahim
  • Dr. Ernst Illing, psychiatrist and neurologist

J
  • Dr. Erwin Jekelius
  • Dr. Wilhelm Jobst, Willy Jobst or William Jobst, Physician

K
  • Dr. Emil Kaschub
  • Dr. Bruno Kitt (Executed on the 8th October 1946)[27]
  • Dr. Fritz Klein
  • Dr. Hans Wilhelm König
  • Dr. Eduard Krebsbach
  • Dr. Johann Paul Kremer

L
  • Dr Lemartin
  • Dr. Herbert Linden
  • Dr. Rudolf Lonauer
  • Dr. Franz Lucas

M
  • Dr. Friedrich Mauz psychiatrist
  • Dr. Josef Mengele, physician, World
  • Dr. Friedrich Mennecke, Physician.
  • Dr. Theodor Gilbert Morell
  • Dr. Joachim Mrugowsky

N
  • Dr. Hermann Paul Nitsche (psychiatrist)

O
  • Dr. Herta Oberheuser . Defendant in the doctors trial

P
  • Dr. Friedrich Panse
  • Dr. Hermann Pfannmüller
  • Dr. Alfred Ploetz
  • Dr. Adolf Pokorny
  • Dr. Helmut Poppendick

R
  • Dr. Roche
  • Dr. Sigmund Rascher
  • Dr. Hans Conrad Julius Reiter
  • Dr. Georg Renno
  • Dr. Hans Richter[28]
  • Dr. Heinrich Rindfleisch
  • Dr. Robert Ritter (psychiatrist)
  • Dr. Hans-Wolfgang Romberg . Defendant in the doctors trial
  • Dr. Gerhard Rose AKA Gerhard August Heinrich Rose, Gerhard Rose at German Wikipedia
  • Dr. Paul Rostock
  • Dr. Rolf Rosenthal
  • Dr. Siegfried Ruff
  • Dr. Ernst Rüdin, psychiatrist, Germany, Switzerland, USA
  • Dr. Helmut Rühl

S
  • Dr. Fritz Sawade see Dr Werner Heyde, Psychiatrist
  • Dr. Gerhard Schiedlausky
  • Dr. Curt Schmalenbach
  • Dr. Ernst Heinrich Schmidt
  • Dr. Carl Schneider, psychiatrist, Germany
  • Dr. Walter Paul Emil Schreiber
  • Dr. Oskar Schröder
  • Dr. Horst Schumann (Dr. Keim)
  • Dr. Heinrich Schütz 20 November 1975, he was sentenced to 10 years. Doctors certified him too ill, and he did not have to serve his sentence.
  • Dr. Hubertus Strughold

T
  • Dr. Heinz Thilo
  • Dr. Percival Treite, Gynecologist. See Hamburg Ravensbrück trials
  • Dr. Alfred Trzebinski
  • Dr. Marianne Türk, pediatrician
  • Dr. Erich Traub

U
  • Dr. Aquilin Ullrich
  • Dr. Hellmuth Unger (AKA Friedrich Hermann, Fritz Herrmann, Hans Holm)

V
  • Dr. Carl Peter Værnet
  • Dr. Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer
  • Dr. Werner Villinger, psychiatrist, Germany
  • Dr. Helmut Vetter

W
  • Dr. Gerhard Wagner
  • Dr. Erich Wasicky
  • Dr. Bruno Nikolaus Maria Weber
  • Dr. Friedrich Wegener
  • Dr. Georg August Weltz
  • Dr. Ernst Wentzler Full name Ernst Albert Max Wentzler
  • Dr. Adolf Winkelmann
  • Dr. Eduard Wirths
  • Dr. Gerhard Wischer, psychiatrist, Germany
  • Dr. Wilhelm Witteler
  • Dr. Waldemar Wolter
  • Dr. Ewald Wortmann also known as Hannes Wortmann

See also
  • Action 14f13
  • Action T4
  • Viktor Brack
  • Dering v Uris trial
  • Doctors' Trial
  • Dr. Otto Ambros of chemistry. At the IG Farben Trial was found guilty of War crimes and crimes against humanity and lived until 1990.
  • Dr. Klaus Schilling not a Nazi and worked in the Dachau concentration camp. He was executed on May 28, 1946.
  • Dr. Gustav Wilhelm Schübbe
  • Dr.Hans Münch a German Nazi Party member who worked as an SS physician during World War II
  • Dr. Hermann Stieve, German physician who did not join the Nazi party. Those the Nazis imprisoned and executed became his research material.
  • Dr Shirō Ishii
  • Dr Otto Georg Thierack
  • Dr Karl/Carl Krauch Doctor is written on his arrest photo. Dr of chemistry.
  • Dr Albert Widmann Dr of chemistry. "Dr Widmann operated the gassing apparatus."
  • Glossary of Nazi Germany
  • Grafeneck Euthanasia Centre
  • Hamburg Ravensbrück trials
  • Josef Kramer not to be confused with Dr Johann Kremer
  • List of Axis personnel indicted for war crimes
  • List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
  • List of medical eponyms with Nazi associations
  • List of Nazi concentration camps
  • List of Nazi Party leaders and officials
  • Mass suicides in 1945 Nazi Germany
  • Nazi human experimentation
  • Nuremberg Code
  • Responsibility for the Holocaust
  • T4-Gutachter names of medical experts to enact the "euthanasia" program.
  • Zyklon B

References
  1. "Germany looks for way out of war". The Southeast Missourian. 17 September 1938.
  2. Colaianni, Alessandra (2012). "A long shadow: Nazi doctors, moral vulnerability and contemporary medical culture". Journal of Medical Ethics. 38 (7): 435–438. doi:10.1136/medethics-2011-100372. PMID 22556311.
  3. The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code : Human Rights in Human Experimentation. Oxford University Press. May 7, 1992. p. 19. ISBN 9780199772261.
  4. Leary, Warren E. (1992-11-10). "Exhibition Examines Scientists' Complicity in Nazi-Era Atrocities". The New York Times.
  5. Strous, Rael D. (2007). "Psychiatry during the Nazi era: Ethical lessons for the modern professional". Annals of General Psychiatry. 6: 8. doi:10.1186/1744-859X-6-8. PMC 1828151. PMID 17326822.
  6. "Exhibit Depicts Nazi Science" authors Akua F. Abu and Zhanrui Kuang. April 15, 2011]. "Exhibit Depicts Nazi Science".
  7. "...carried out only by physicians." Book "Human Subjects Research after the Holocaust" authors Sheldon Rubenfeld, Susan Benedict. Year 2014. Page 10.
  8. Torrey, E. F.; Yolken, R. H. (2009). "Psychiatric Genocide: Nazi Attempts to Eradicate Schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 36 (1): 26–32. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp097. PMC 2800142. PMID 19759092.
  9. Ernst, E. (2001). "Commentary: The Third Reich—German physicians between resistance and participation". International Journal of Epidemiology. 30 (1): 37–42. doi:10.1093/ije/30.1.37. PMID 11171848.
  10. Joseph, J.; Wetzel, N. A. (2013). "Ernst Rüdin: Hitler's Racial Hygiene Mastermind". Journal of the History of Biology. 46 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1007/s10739-012-9344-6. PMID 23180223.
  11. "Nazi Sterilization Experiments" Author Genevieve Payzer. 2017
  12. "History Vs. Apologetics: The Holocaust, the Third Reich, and the Catholic Church" Author David Cymet. Page 262. Told by Dr Hans Wilhelm Münch in 1981.
  13. "As Other Editors See it : The Nazi Doctors" Schenectady Gazette. November 27, 1946
  14. Kolb, Stephan; Weindling, Paul; Roelcke, Volker; Seithe, Horst (2012). "Apologising for Nazi medicine: A constructive starting point". The Lancet. 380 (9843): 722–723. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61396-8. PMC 4365922. PMID 22928190.
  15. Strous, Rael D. (2006). "Nazi Euthanasia of the Mentally Ill at Hadamar". American Journal of Psychiatry. 163 (1): 27. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.27. PMID 16390885.
  16. Müller-Hill, Benno (1988-04-28). Murderous science. ISBN 9780192615558.
  17. Schneider, Frank (2011). "Psychiatry under National Socialism: Remembrance and Responsibility". European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 261: 111–118. doi:10.1007/s00406-011-0243-1. PMID 21959914.
  18. "Robert Ley is in hands of yankees" Lawrence Daily Journal World. May 17, 1945
  19. Roelcke, Volker; Lepicard, Etienne; Topp, Sascha (2014). Silence, Scapegoats, Self-reflection: The Shadow of Nazi Medical Crimes on Medicine and Bioethics. p. 109. ISBN 9783847103653.
  20. "Vienna buries last remains of victims of Nazi medical mistreatment" newspaper national post. may 9, 2012.
  21. "The Murder of Unproductive Persons"
  22. [The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution By Henry Friedlander pg 92]
  23. The Dachau Trials:Mauthausen-Gusen Cases
  24. "Mass killing under the guise of ECT: the darkest chapter in the history of biological psychiatry." Authors Gazdag, Ungvari, Czech. PMID:28829187 DOI:10.1177/0957154X17724037
  25. "Abusive Medical Practices on “Euthanasia” Victims in Austria during and after World War II" Author Herwig Czech. Page 112. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-05702-6_9
  26. "Nazi War Crimes Trials:Ravensbrück Trial"
  27. Nazi War Crimes Trials
  28. p.17, "The Eternal Nazi" by Nicholas Kulish and Souad Mekhennet, 2014
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