Levoamphetamine

Levoamphetamine[note 1] is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant known to increase wakefulness and concentration in association with decreased appetite and fatigue. Pharmaceuticals that contain levoamphetamine are currently indicated and prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obesity, and narcolepsy in some countries.

Not to be confused with Lisdexamfetamine.

Levoamphetamine
Names
Systematic IUPAC name
(2R)-1-Phenylpropan-2-amine[1]
Other names
L-Amphetamine
Identifiers
CAS Number
3D model (JSmol)
Beilstein Reference
 2432739
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.005.320
EC Number
  • 205-850-8
Gmelin Reference
 1125855
PubChem CID
Properties
Chemical formula
 C9H13N
Molar mass 135.2062 g mol−1
log P 1.789
Pharmacology
Oral (as part of Adderall, Evekeo, and generic amphetamine sulfate[2][3])
Legal status
  • US: Schedule II
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Levoamphetamine is the levorotatory stereoisomer of the amphetamine molecule.

Chemistry

Levoamphetamine is the levorotatory stereoisomer of the amphetamine molecule. Racemic amphetamine contains two optical isomers, dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine.[5]

Formulations

Racemic amphetamine

The first patented amphetamine brand, Benzedrine, was a racemic (i.e., equal parts) mixture of the free bases or sulfate salts of both amphetamine enantiomers (levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine) that was introduced in the United States in 1934 as an inhaler for treating nasal congestion.[2] It was later realized that the amphetamine enantiomers could treat obesity, narcolepsy, and ADHD.[2][3] Because of the greater central nervous system effect of the dextrorotatory enantiomer (i.e., dextroamphetamine), sold as Dexedrine, prescription of the Benzedrine brand fell and was eventually discontinued.[6] However, in 2012 racemic amphetamine sulfate was reintroduced as the Evekeo brandname.[3][7]

Adderall

Adderall is an amphetamine pharmaceutical that contains 25% levoamphetamine salts.[5]

Evekeo

Evekeo is an FDA-approved medication that contains racemic amphetamine sulfate (i.e., 50% levoamphetamine sulfate and 50% dextroamphetamine sulfate).[8] It is approved for the treatment of narcolepsy, ADHD, and exogenous obesity.[8]

Others

Products using amphetamine base are now marketed. Dyanavel XR, a liquid suspension form became available in 2015, and contains about 24% levoamphetamine.[9] Adzenys XR, an orally dissolving tablet came to market in 2016 and contains 25% levoamphetamine.[10]

L-Amphetamine succinate was sold in Hungary between 1952 and 1955 under the brand name Cydril.

See also

Notes
  1. Synonyms and alternate spellings include: (2R)-1-phenylpropan-2-amine (IUPAC name), levamfetamine (International Nonproprietary Name [INN]), (R)-amphetamine, (−)-amphetamine, l-amphetamine, and L-amphetamine.[1][4]

References
  1. "L-Amphetamine". PubChem Compound. United States National Library of Medicine – National Center for Biotechnology Information. 30 December 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  2. Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ (June 2013). "Amphetamine, past and present – a pharmacological and clinical perspective". J. Psychopharmacol. 27 (6): 479–496. doi:10.1177/0269881113482532. PMC 3666194. PMID 23539642.
  3. "Evekeo prescribing information" (PDF). Arbor Pharmaceuticals LLC. April 2014. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  4. "R(-)amphetamine". IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  5. "Adderall XR Prescribing Information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
  6. "Benzedrine". United States Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  7. "Evekeo". United States Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  8. "Evekeo Prescribing Information" (PDF). Evekeo (Arbor Pharmaceuticals, LLC). December 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  9. "Dyanavel XR Prescribing Information". January 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  10. "Adzenys XR Prescribing Information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Neos Therapeutics, Inc. January 2016. p. 15. Retrieved 7 March 2016. ADZENYS XR-ODT (amphetamine extended-release orally disintegrating tablet) contains a 3 to 1 ratio of d- to l-amphetamine, a central nervous system stimulant.
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