Huaiyangshan banyangvirus

Huaiyangshan banyangvirus, formerly SFTS virus, is a tick-borne Banyangvirus in the order Bunyavirales.[2] It appears to be more closely related to the Uukuniemi virus serogroup than to the Sandfly fever group.[2] It is a member of the Bhanja virus serocomplex.[3]

Huaiyangshan banyangvirus
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Phylum: Negarnaviricota
Class: Ellioviricetes
Order: Bunyavirales
Family: Phenuiviridae
Genus: Banyangvirus
Species:
Huaiyangshan banyangvirus
Synonyms[1]
  • SFTS virus
  • SFTS phlebovirus
  • Dabie mountain virus
  • SFTS bunyavirus

The clinical condition it caused is known as severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS).[2] SFTS is an emerging infectious disease that was first described in northeast and central China and now has also been discovered in Japan, South Korea, Vietnam and Taiwan. SFTS has a fatality rate of 12% and as high as 30% in some areas. The major clinical symptoms of SFTS are fever, vomiting, diarrhea, multiple organ failure, thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), leukopenia (low white blood cell count) and elevated liver enzyme levels.

History

In 2009 Xue-jie Yu and colleagues isolated the SFTS virus (SFTSV) from SFTS patients’ blood.[2]

Genome

The genome has been sequenced.[2] There are three segments—large (L), medium (M) and small (S). Five proteins have been identified—an RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), a glycoprotein N (Gn), a glycoprotein C (Gc), a nuclear protein (NP) and a non structural protein (NSs).

The L segment encodes the RNA polymerase with 2084 amino acid residues.

The M segment encodes one open reading frame encoding 1073 amino acid precursors of glycoproteins (Gn and Gc).

The S segment has 1746 nucleotides of ambisense RNA encoding two proteins, the N and NSs proteins. These lie in opposite orientations and are separated by a 54 nucleotide intergenic region.[4]

Evolution

Five genotypes (A–E) have been identified.[5] Strains from China could be grouped into all five genotypes while isolates from South Korea lay in three (types A, D and E) and those from Japan only in one (type E). The virus appears to have originated in the Dabie Mountains in central China between 1918 and 1995.

Life cycle

SFTSV is a tick-borne virus; it is not clear whether it can be transmitted by other blood-sucking arthropods.[6] It can infect many mammalian hosts, including cats, mice, hedgehogs, weasels, brushtail possums and yaks. Humans appear to be accidental hosts, and play no essential role in the life cycle of SFTSV. SFTSV has been detected from the ixodid tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Ixodes nipponensis, Amblyomma testudinarium[7] and Rhipicephalus microplus.[8] In addition to tick bite, SFTSV can be transmitted from person to person through contact with blood or mucus of an infected person.[9][10]

Epidemiology

This virus has been found in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Liaoning and Shandong. SFTS occurs in rural areas, from March to November, and a majority of cases are found from April to July.

The virus has also been found in South Korea, Japan, Vietnam and Taiwan.[11][12][13][14]

References
  1. "ICTV Taxonomy history: Huaiyangshan banyangvirus" (html). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  2. Yu XJ, Liang MF, Zhang SY, Liu Y, Li JD, Sun YL, et al. (April 2011). "Fever with thrombocytopenia associated with a novel bunyavirus in China". N. Engl. J. Med. 364 (16): 1523–32. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1010095. PMC 3113718. PMID 21410387.
  3. Matsuno K, Weisend C, Travassos da Rosa AP, Anzick SL, Dahlstrom E, Porcella SF, et al. (April 2013). "Characterization of the Bhanja serogroup viruses (Bunyaviridae): a novel species of the genus Phlebovirus and its relationship with other emerging tick-borne phleboviruses". J. Virol. 87 (7): 3719–28. doi:10.1128/JVI.02845-12. PMC 3624231. PMID 23325688.
  4. Brennan B, Rezelj VV & Elliott RM. (2017). Mapping of transcription termination within the S segment of SFTS phlebovirus facilitated the generation of NSs-deletant viruses. J Virol. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00743-17
  5. Liu JW, Zhao L, Luo LM, Liu MM, Sun Y, Su X, Yu XJ (2016). "Molecular Evolution and Spatial Transmission of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Based on Complete Genome Sequences". PLoS ONE. 11 (3): e0151677. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1151677L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151677. PMC 4801363. PMID 26999664.
  6. Luo LM, Zhao L, Wen HL, Zhang ZT, Liu JW, Fang LZ, et al. (October 2015). "Haemaphysalis longicornis Ticks as Reservoir and Vector of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus in China". Emerging Infect. Dis. 21 (10): 1770–6. doi:10.3201/eid2110.150126. PMC 4593435. PMID 26402039.
  7. Suh JH, Kim HC, Yun SM, Lim JW, Kim JH, Chong ST, et al. (May 2016). "Detection of SFTS Virus in Ixodes nipponensis and Amblyomma testudinarium (Ixodida: Ixodidae) Collected From Reptiles in the Republic of Korea". J. Med. Entomol. 53 (3): 584–590. doi:10.1093/jme/tjw007. PMID 26957392.
  8. Zhang YZ, Zhou DJ, Qin XC, Tian JH, Xiong Y, Wang JB, et al. (March 2012). "The ecology, genetic diversity, and phylogeny of Huaiyangshan virus in China". J. Virol. 86 (5): 2864–8. doi:10.1128/JVI.06192-11. PMC 3302241. PMID 22190717.
  9. Liu Y, Li Q, Hu W, Wu J, Wang Y, Mei L, et al. (February 2012). "Person-to-person transmission of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus". Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 12 (2): 156–60. doi:10.1089/vbz.2011.0758. PMID 21955213.
  10. Bao CJ, Guo XL, Qi X, Hu JL, Zhou MH, Varma JK, et al. (December 2011). "A family cluster of infections by a newly recognized bunyavirus in eastern China, 2007: further evidence of person-to-person transmission". Clin. Infect. Dis. 53 (12): 1208–14. doi:10.1093/cid/cir732. PMID 22028437.
  11. Tran XC, Yun Y, Van An L, et al. Endemic Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome, Vietnam. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25(5):1029–1031. doi:10.3201/eid2505.181463
  12. Pro-MED Mail Archive Number: 20191121.6789743
  13. Kim KH, Yi J, Kim G, Choi SJ, Jun KI, Kim NH, et al. (November 2013). "Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, South Korea, 2012". Emerging Infect. Dis. 19 (11): 1892–4. doi:10.3201/eid1911.130792. PMC 3837670. PMID 24206586.
  14. Takahashi T, Maeda K, Suzuki T, Ishido A, Shigeoka T, Tominaga T, et al. (March 2014). "The first identification and retrospective study of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome in Japan". J. Infect. Dis. 209 (6): 816–27. doi:10.1093/infdis/jit603. PMID 24231186.
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