Fabella

The fabella (Latin for little bean) is a small sesamoid bone found in some mammals embedded in the tendon of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle behind the lateral condyle of the femur. It is an accessory bone, an anatomical variation present in 39% of humans.[1][2] Rarely, there are two or three of these bones (fabella bi- or tripartita). It can be mistaken for a loose body or osteophyte.

Fabella
Details
Identifiers
LatinOs fabella
FMA281591
Anatomical terminology
A 2019 study on increased prevalence of the fabella in humans

In humans, it is more common in men than women, older individuals compared to younger, and there is high regional variation, with fabellae being most common in people living in Asia and Oceania and least common in people living in North America and Africa. Bilateral cases (one per knee) are more common than unilateral ones (one per individual), and within individual cases, fabellae are equally likely to be present in right or left knees. Taken together, these data suggest the ability to form a fabella may be genetically controlled, but fabella ossification may be environmentally controlled. [3]

Although the fabella seems to have disappeared with the evolution of Hominidae, it reappeared in humans sometime after they diverged from chimpanzees. It is unknown whether it reappeared soon after this divergence, 5–7 million years ago, or more recently in human evolution .[4]

"The fabella can lead to posterolateral knee pain either due to cartilage softening (chondromalacia fabellae) or other osteoarthritic changes on its articular surface."[5]

See also

References
  1. Berthaume, Michael A.; Di Federico, Erica; Bull, Anthony M. J. (April 17, 2019). "Fabella prevalence rate increases over 150 years, and rates of other sesamoid bones remain constant: a systematic review". Journal of Anatomy. Wiley. 235 (1): 67–79. doi:10.1111/joa.12994. PMC 6579948. PMID 30994938.
  2. "Sore knee? Maybe you have a fabella". BBC News. April 19, 2019.
  3. Berthaume, Michael A.; Bull, Anthony M. J. (October 17, 2019). "Human biological variation in sesamoid bone prevalence: the curious case of the fabella". Journal of Anatomy. Wiley. doi:10.1111/joa.13091.
  4. Sarin, Vineet K.; Erickson, Gregory M.; Giori, Nicholas J.; Bergman, A. Gabrielle; Carter, Dennis R. (1999). "Coincident development of sesamoid bones and clues to their evolution". The Anatomical Record. Wiley. 257 (5): 174–180. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(19991015)257:5<174::AID-AR6>3.0.CO;2-O.
  5. Dannawi, Z.; Khanduja, V.; Vemulapalli, K.; Zammit, J.; El-Zebdeh, M. (January 20, 2010). "Arthroscopic Excision of the Fabella –". Journal of Knee Surgery. 20 (4): 299–301. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1248063. PMID 17993073.

Further reading
  • Duncan W, Dahm D: "Clinical anatomy of the fabella" Clin Anat, 16(5), pp. 448–449 (2003) PMID 12903068, doi:10.1002/ca.10137
  • Werner, Platzer: Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System (7th ed.), published by Thieme, 2015 (ISBN 978-3-13-533306-9)


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