Cystatin

The cystatins are a family of cysteine protease inhibitors which share a sequence homology and a common tertiary structure of an alpha helix lying on top of an anti-parallel beta sheet. The family is subdivided as described below.

Proteinase inhibitor I25, cystatin
Crystal structure of an immunomodulatory salivary cystatin from the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata from PDB entry 3L0R.[1]
Identifiers
SymbolProt_inh_cystat
PfamPF00031
Pfam clanCL0121
InterProIPR000010
SMARTSM00043
PROSITEPDOC00259

Cystatins show similarity to fetuins, kininogens, histidine-rich glycoproteins and cystatin-related proteins.[2][3][4] Cystatins mainly inhibit peptidase enzymes (another term for proteases) belonging to peptidase families C1 (papain family) and C13 (legumain family). They are known to mis-fold to form amyloid deposits and are implicated in several diseases.

Types

The cystatin family includes:

  • The Type 1 cystatins, which are intracellular and are present in the cytosol of many cell types, but can also appear in body fluids at significant concentrations. They are single-chain polypeptides of about 100 residues, which have neither disulfide bonds nor carbohydrate side-chains. Type 1 cystatins are also known as Stefins (after the Stefan Institute where they were first discovered [5])
  • The Type 2 cystatins, which are mainly extracellular secreted polypeptides are largely acidic, contain four conserved cysteine residues known to form two disulfide bonds, may be glycosylated and/or phosphorylated. They are synthesised with a 19- to 28-residue signal peptide. They are broadly distributed and found in most body fluids.
  • The Type 3 cystatins, which are multidomain proteins. The mammalian representatives of this group are the kininogens. There are three different kininogens in mammals: H- (high-molecular-mass, InterPro: IPR002395) and L- (low-molecular-mass) kininogen, which are found in a number of species, and T-kininogen, which is found only in rats.
  • Unclassified cystatins. These are cystatin-like proteins found in a range of organisms: plant phytocystatins, fetuin in mammals, insect cystatins, and a puff adder venom cystatin, which inhibits metalloproteases of the MEROPS peptidase family M12 (astacin/adamalysin). Also, a number of the cystatin-like proteins have been shown to be devoid of inhibitory activity.

Human cystatins
  • CST1, CST2, CST3 (cystatin C, a marker of kidney function), CST4, CST5, CST6, CST7, CST8, CST9, CST11, CSTA (cystatin A), CSTB (cystatin B)

Plant cystatins

Plant cystatins have special characteristics which permit them to be classified in a special class called Phytocystatin. One is the presence of a N-terminal alpha-helix, present only in plant cystatins. Phytocystatins are involved in several process, including plant germination and defense. van Wyk et al. found some 19 different cystatins similar to oryzacystatin-I in the soybean along with related cysteine proteases.[6]

Membrane permeability

Chicken cystatin quickly passed the membrane of MCF-10A neo T cells and inhibited cathepsin B when it was acylated with fatty acyl residues of 6-18 carbon atoms.[7]

See also
  • Affimer, a type of engineered protein that is based on the cystatin scaffold

References
  1. Salát J, Paesen GC, Rezácová P, Kotsyfakis M, Kovárová Z, Sanda M, Majtán J, Grunclová L, Horká H, Andersen JF, Brynda J, Horn M, Nunn MA, Kopácek P, Kopecký J, Mares M (July 2010). "Crystal structure and functional characterization of an immunomodulatory salivary cystatin from the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata". The Biochemical Journal. 429 (1): 103–12. doi:10.1042/BJ20100280. PMC 3523712. PMID 20545626.; rendered with PyMOL
  2. Rawlings ND, Barrett AJ (January 1990). "Evolution of proteins of the cystatin superfamily". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 30 (1): 60–71. doi:10.1007/BF02102453. PMID 2107324.
  3. Abrahamson M, Alvarez-Fernandez M, Nathanson CM (2003). "Cystatins". Biochemical Society Symposium. 70 (70): 179–99. doi:10.1042/bss0700179. PMID 14587292.
  4. Turk V, Bode W (July 1991). "The cystatins: protein inhibitors of cysteine proteinases". FEBS Letters. 285 (2): 213–9. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(91)80804-C. PMID 1855589.
  5. Machleidt W, Borchart U, Fritz H, Brzin J, Ritonja A, Turk V (November 1983). "Protein inhibitors of cysteine proteinases. II. Primary structure of stefin, a cytosolic protein inhibitor of cysteine proteinases from human polymorphonuclear granulocytes". Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie. 364 (11): 1481–6. doi:10.1515/bchm2.1983.364.2.1481. PMID 6689312.
  6. van Wyk SG, Du Plessis M, Cullis CA, Kunert KJ, Vorster BJ (November 2014). "cysteine protease and cystatin expression and activity during soybean nodule development and senescence". BMC Plant Biology. 14: 294. doi:10.1186/s12870-014-0294-3. PMC 4243279. PMID 25404209.
  7. Kocevar N, Obermajer N, Kreft S (September 2008). "Membrane permeability of acylated cystatin depends on the fatty acyl chain length". Chemical Biology & Drug Design. 72 (3): 217–24. doi:10.1111/j.1747-0285.2008.00693.x. PMID 18702630.

Further reading
  • Lee C, Bongcam-Rudloff E, Sollner C, Jahnen-Dechent W, Claesson-Welsh L (January 2009). "Type 3 cystatins; fetuins, kininogen and histidine-rich glycoprotein". Frontiers in Bioscience. 14 (14): 2911–22. doi:10.2741/3422. PMID 19273244.
  • Cystatins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR000010


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