Cryobacterium

Cryobacterium is a Gram-positive and strictly aerobic bacterial genus from the family of Microbacteriaceae.[1][2][3]

Cryobacterium
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Actinobacteria
Class:
Actinobacteria
Subclass:
Actinobacteridae
Order:
Actinomycetales
Suborder:
Micrococcineae
Family:
Microbacteriaceae
Genus:
Cryobacterium

Suzuki et al. 1997[1]
Type species
Cryobacterium psychrophilum[1]
Species

C. arcticum[1]
C. aureum[1]
C. flavum[1]
C. levicorallinum[1]
C. luteum[1]
C. mesophilum[1]
C. psychrophilum[1]
C. psychrotolerans[1]
C. roopkundense[1]

The genus Cryobacterium comes from the Greek words kryos meaning cold and bakterion. The type species is C. psychrophilum.[4] Cryobacterium is a genus of bacteria of the phylum Actinobacteria, class Actinobacteria, order Micrococcales and family Microbacteriaceae.[5]

Bacteria of this genus grow at a range or temperatures from −6 to 28°C. Most are psychrophilic and psychrotolerant meaning they prefer or are tolerant of cold temperatures. Other characteristics include, strictly aerobic, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. The diagnostic cell-wall amino acid is L‐2,4‐Diaminobutyric acid. The main cellular fatty acids are iso- and anteiso-branched acids and MK-10 is the predominant menaquinone. Polar lipids of Cryobacterium contain diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified glycolipid.[5]

The genus Cryobacterium was first proposed in 1997 and the name Cryobacterium psychrophilum was suggested to replace Curtobacterium psychrophrophilum by Ken-Ichiro Suzuki at the Japan Collection of Microorganisms, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) in Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan and colleagues. The obligately psychrophilic (cold loving) bacteria was originally discovered from soil in Antarctica by Inoue and Komagata in 1976 who gave the name Curtobacterium psychrophrophilum. Based on unusual properties of the organism, Suzuki proposed C. psychrophilum JCM 1463T be classified under a new genus, Cryobacterium.[4]

Species of Cryobacterium

Cryobacterium species have been found which are psychrophilic, psychrotolerant, or mesophilic (prefer moderate temperatures).[6] Psychrophilic microorganisms colonize permanently cold environments including deep sea, mountain and polar locations.[7]

Cryobacterium arcticum is psychrotolerant, able to grow between -6 and 28 C, and were isolated from Store Koldewey, north-east Greenland soil.[8]

Cryobacterium aureum is psychrophilic, grow at 0-18 C and were isolated from glacier ice in China.[9]

Cryobacterium flavum grow at 0-19 C and were isolated from glacier ice in China.[10]

Cryobacterium levicorallinum is psychrophilic and isolated from glacier ice in China.[11]

Cryobacterium luteum grows at 0-20 C and was isolated from glacier ice in China.[10]

Cryobacterium mesophilum was collected from a soil sample in Bigeum Island, South Korea and grows optimally at 25-28 C.[12]

Cryobacterium psychrophilum is the type species of the genus described above.

Cryobacterium psychrotolerans is psychrotolerant, able to grow 4–27 °C, optimal growth is at 20–22 °C, isolated from a glacier in China.[13]

Cryobacterium roopkundense is psychrophilic, grows optimally between 15-18 C and was collected at the periphery of the glacial Lake, Roopkund, in the Himalayan mountain range, India.[14]

Cryobacterium sp. MLB-32, isolated from cryoconite holes of glaciers in the high Arctic.[15]

Cryobacterium spp. SO1 and SO2 were isolated from snow samples from the Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica[16]

Biotechnology

Cryobacterium have been found to be a source of carotinoids for biotechnological production. In the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and feed industry these isoprenoid pigments could potentially be used as antioxidants and colorants.[17]

Psychrophilic and psychrotropic bacteria are potential sources of cold-active enzymes and metabolites which may have industrial applications. Genome analysis of Cryobacterium strains SO1 and SO2 showed genes common in cold-adapted bacteria such as molecular chaperones, heat-shock proteins, cold-shock proteins, low-temperature requirement protein A and antifreeze proteins. Enzymes with biotechnological and industrial applications found in the genomes of these Cryobacteria strains include alkaline phosphatase, Uracil-DNA glycosylase, RNase polymerases and ligases for molecular biology. Genes coding for cold-active enzymes such as protease, lipase, amylase, chitinase, superoxide dismutase, beta-galactosidase and neopullulanase were also found.

References
  1. Parte AC. "Cryobacterium". www.bacterio.net.
  2. "Cryobacterium". www.uniprot.org.
  3. Suzuki K (1 January 2015). Cryobacterium. Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 1–7. doi:10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00095. ISBN 9781118960608.
  4. Suzuki K, Sasaki J, Uramoto M, Nakase T, Komagata K (April 1997). "Cryobacterium psychrophilum gen. nov., sp. nov., nom. rev., comb. nov., an obligately psychrophilic actinomycete to accommodate "Curtobacterium psychrophilum" Inoue and Komagata 1976". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 47 (2): 474–8. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-2-474. PMID 9103638.
  5. Liu Q, Zhou Y, Xin Y (2018). Cryobacterium. Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria. American Cancer Society. pp. 1–12. doi:10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00095.pub2. ISBN 9781118960608.
  6. "www.bacterio.net".
  7. D'Amico S, Collins T, Marx JC, Feller G, Gerday C (April 2006). "Psychrophilic microorganisms: challenges for life". EMBO Reports. 7 (4): 385–9. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400662. PMC 1456908. PMID 16585939.
  8. Bajerski F, Ganzert L, Mangelsdorf K, Lipski A, Wagner D (August 2011). "Cryobacterium arcticum sp. nov., a psychrotolerant bacterium from an Arctic soil". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 61 (Pt 8): 1849–53. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.027128-0. PMID 20817836.
  9. Liu Q, Xin YH, Chen XL, Liu HC, Zhou YG, Chen WX (April 2018). "Cryobacterium aureum sp. nov., a psychrophilic bacterium isolated from glacier ice collected from the ice tongue surface". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 68 (4): 1173–1176. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.002647. PMID 29461184.
  10. Liu Q, Liu H, Wen Y, Zhou Y, Xin Y (June 2012). "Cryobacterium flavum sp. nov. and Cryobacterium luteum sp. nov., isolated from glacier ice". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 62 (Pt 6): 1296–9. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.033738-0. PMID 21784961.
  11. Liu Q, Liu H, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Xin Y (August 2013). "Cryobacterium levicorallinum sp. nov., a psychrophilic bacterium isolated from glacier ice". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 63 (Pt 8): 2819–22. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.046896-0. PMID 23315411.
  12. Dastager SG, Lee JC, Ju YJ, Park DJ, Kim CJ (May 2008). "Cryobacterium mesophilum sp. nov., a novel mesophilic bacterium". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 58 (Pt 5): 1241–4. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65650-0. PMID 18450721.
  13. Zhang DC, Wang HX, Cui HL, Yang Y, Liu HC, Dong XZ, Zhou PJ (April 2007). "Cryobacterium psychrotolerans sp. nov., a novel psychrotolerant bacterium isolated from the China No. 1 glacier". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 57 (Pt 4): 866–9. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64750-0. PMID 17392221.
  14. Reddy GS, Pradhan S, Manorama R, Shivaji S (April 2010). "Cryobacterium roopkundense sp. nov., a psychrophilic bacterium isolated from glacial soil". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 60 (Pt 4): 866–70. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.011775-0. PMID 19661491.
  15. Singh P, Kapse N, Arora P, Singh SM, Dhakephalkar PK (June 2015). "Draft genome of Cryobacterium sp. MLB-32, an obligate psychrophile from glacier cryoconite holes of high Arctic". Marine Genomics. 21: 25–6. doi:10.1016/j.margen.2015.01.006. PMID 25659801.
  16. "Cryobacterium" (PDF).
  17. Vila E, Hornero-Méndez D, Azziz G, Lareo C, Saravia V (March 2019). "Carotenoids from heterotrophic bacteria isolated from Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica". Biotechnology Reports. 21: e00306. doi:10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00306. PMID 30705834.

Further reading
  • Zhang DC, Wang HX, Cui HL, Yang Y, Liu HC, Dong XZ, Zhou PJ (April 2007). "Cryobacterium psychrotolerans sp. nov., a novel psychrotolerant bacterium isolated from the China No. 1 glacier". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 57 (Pt 4): 866–9. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64750-0. PMID 17392221.
  • Singh P, Kapse N, Arora P, Singh SM, Dhakephalkar PK (June 2015). "Draft genome of Cryobacterium sp. MLB-32, an obligate psychrophile from glacier cryoconite holes of high Arctic". Marine Genomics. 21: 25–6. doi:10.1016/j.margen.2015.01.006. PMID 25659801.
  • George M G (2012). Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Science + Business Media. ISBN 978-0-387-68233-4.
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