Cefaclor

Cefaclor, sold under the trade name Ceclor among others, is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic used to treat certain bacterial infections such as pneumonia and infections of the ear, lung, skin, throat, and urinary tract. It is also available from other manufacturers as a generic.[1]

Cefaclor
Clinical data
Trade namesBiocef, Ceclor, Medacef, Distaclor, Keflor, Raniclor
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682729
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B1
  • US: B (No risk in non-human studies)
    Routes of
    administration    		Oral
    ATC code
    Legal status
    Legal status
    • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
    Pharmacokinetic data
    BioavailabilityWell absorbed, independent of food intake
    Metabolism15% to 40%
    Elimination half-life0.6 to 0.9 hours
    ExcretionRenal
    Identifiers
    CAS Number
    PubChem CID
    DrugBank
    ChemSpider
    UNII
    KEGG
    ChEMBL
    CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
    ECHA InfoCard100.053.536
    Chemical and physical data
    FormulaC15H14ClN3O4S
    Molar mass367.808 g/mol g·mol−1
    3D model (JSmol)
     NY (what is this?)  (verify)

    It was patented in 1973 and approved for medical use in 1979.[2]

    Medical uses

    Cefaclor belongs to the family of antibiotics known as the cephalosporins (cefalosporins). The cephalosporins are broad-spectrum antibiotics that are used for the treatment of septicaemia, pneumonia, meningitis, biliary tract infections, peritonitis, and urinary tract infections. The pharmacology of the cephalosporins is similar to that of the penicillins, excretion being principally renal. Cephalosporins penetrate the cerebrospinal fluid poorly unless the meninges are inflamed; cefotaxime is a more suitable cephalosporin than cefaclor for infections of the central nervous system, e.g. meningitis. Cefaclor is active against many bacteria, including both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms.

    Spectrum of bacterial susceptibility and resistance

    Cefaclor is frequently used against bacteria responsible for causing skin infections, otitis media, urinary tract infections, and others. Cefaclor has been shown to be active against most strains of the following microorganisms, both in vitro and in clinical infections: Gram positive aerobes - Staphylococci (including coagulase-positive, coagulase-negative, and penicillinase-producing strains), Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes (group A ß-hemolytic streptococci). [3] The following represents MIC susceptibility data for a few medically significant microorganisms.

    • Haemophilus influenzae: 0.03 μg/mL - 128 μg/mL
    • Staphylcoccus aureus: 0.6 μg/mL - 128 μg/mL
    • Streptococcus pyogenes: 0.06 μg/mL - 4 μg/mL

    [4]

    Cautions and contraindications

    Cautions include known sensitivity to beta-lactam antibacterials, such as penicillins (Cefaclor should be avoided if there is a history of immediate hypersensitivity reaction); renal impairment (no dose adjustment required, although manufacturer advises caution); pregnancy and breast-feeding (but appropriate to use); false positive urinary glucose (if tested for reducing substances) and false positive Coombs test. Cefaclor has also been reported to cause a serum sickness-like reaction in children.[5][6]

    Cefaclor is contraindicated in case of hypersensitivity (i.e. allergy) to cephalosporins.

    Side effects
    Skin allergy to cefaclor

    The principal side effect of the cephalosporins is hypersensitivity. Penicillin-sensitive patients will also be allergic to the cephalosporins, depending on the cephalosporin generation. The previous percentage of 10% cross reactivity rates are often overestimated. Allergic reactions may present as, for example, rashes, pruritus (itching), urticaria, serum sickness-like reactions with rashes, fever and arthralgia, and anaphylaxis. The frequency and severity of serum sickness-like reactions in children has led researchers to question its role in pediatric illness.[7] Other side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances (e.g. diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, abdominal discomfort, disturbances in liver enzymes, transient hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice), headache, and Stevens–Johnson syndrome. Rare side effects include eosinophilia and blood disorders (including thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, agranulocytosis, aplastic anaemia and haemolytic anaemia); reversible interstitial nephritis; hyperactivity, nervousness, sleep disturbances, hallucinations, confusion, hypertonia, and dizziness. Toxic epidermal necrolysis has been reported. In the UK, The Committee on the Safety of Medicines (CSM) has warned that the risk of diarrhea and rarely antibiotic-associated colitis are more likely with higher doses.

    Pregnancy and breastfeeding

    Cefaclor is passed into the breast milk in small quantities, but is generally accepted to be safe to take during breastfeeding.[8] Cefaclor is not known to be harmful in pregnancy.[9]

    Interactions

    Coumarins

    Cephalosporins possibly enhance the anticoagulant effect of coumarins (e.g. Warfarin) - change in patient's clinical condition, particularly associated with liver disease, intercurrent illness, or drug administration, necessitates more frequent testing of INR, and dose adjustment as necessary.

    Probenecid

    Excretion of cephalosporins is reduced by probenecid (resulting in increased concentrations of drug in the blood plasma).

    Antacids

    Absorption of cefaclor is reduced by antacids. Therefore antacids should not be taken right before or at the same time as cefaclor.[10][11]

    References
    1. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm
    2. Fischer, Jnos; Ganellin, C. Robin (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 493. ISBN 9783527607495.
    3. http://www.medicatione.com/?c=ing&s=cefaclor
    4. http://www.toku-e.com/Assets/MIC/Cefaclor.pdf
    5. Hebert A, Sigman E, Levy M (1991). "Serum sickness-like reactions from cefaclor in children". J Am Acad Dermatol. 25 (5 Pt 1): 805–8. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(08)80973-5. PMID 1802903.
    6. Parra F, Igea J, Martín J, Alonso M, Lezaun A, Sainz T (1992). "Serum sickness-like syndrome associated with cefaclor therapy". Allergy. 47 (4 Pt 2): 439–40. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.1992.tb02086.x. PMID 1456417.
    7. King BA, Geelhoed GC (December 2003). "Adverse skin and joint reactions associated with oral antibiotics in children: the role of cefaclor in serum sickness-like reactions". J Paediatr Child Health. 39 (9): 677–81. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1754.2003.00267.x. PMID 14629499. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05.
    8. LactMED. "Summary of Cefaclor's use during lactation". National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
    9. Ito, S.; Blajchman A; Stephenson M; et al. (1993). "Prospective follow-up of adverse reactions in breast-fed infants exposed to maternal medication". Am J Obstet Gynecol. 168 (5): 1393–1399. doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(11)90771-6. PMID 8498418.
    10. https://www.drugs.com/mtm/ceclor.html
    11. Satterwhite, JH; Cerimele, BJ; Coleman, DL; Hatcher, BL; Kisicki, J; DeSante, KA. "Pharmacokinetics of cefaclor AF: effects of age, antacids and H2-receptor antagonists". Postgrad Med J. 68 Suppl 3: S3–9. PMID 1287615.
    This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.