Caregiver stress

Those who are providing care for a friend or family member with a long-term illness undergo what is known as chronic stress. Caregiving has been shown to affect the immune system. It was found that caregivers to persons with Dementia particularly Frontal temporal patients were more depressed, and they showed lower life satisfaction than the comparison samples. The caregivers also had higher EBV antibody titres and lower percentages of T cells and T_H cells.[2] Caregiving has also been shown to have adverse effects on wound repair.[3]

Symptoms include depression, anxiety, and anger. Chronic stress can create medical problems including high blood pressure, diabetes, and a compromised immune system.[4] The impact may reduce the care-giver's life expectancy.[5]

Caregiver syndrome affects people at any age. For example, elderly caregivers are at a 63 percent higher risk of mortality than non-caregivers who are in the same age group. This trend may be due to elevated levels of stress hormones circulating throughout the body. These levels are similar to someone with PTSD. Because caregivers have to be so immersed in their roles, with day/night hours, they often have to neglect their own health. They are experiencing high amounts of stress along with grief since the health of their loved one is declining. Since their roles are changing from a partnership or mother/daughter, mother/son, etc. relationship to a caregiver and patient relationship, caregivers are turning to online forums such as the Alzheimer's Association for support. This role change is difficult for many people to make, causing them to experience anger, resentment, and guilt. It is difficult to provide quality care in this state of stress.[4]

The health of caregivers should be monitored in various ways.[6] There are tests for measuring the amount of stress on a caregiver.[7]

Caregivers are at risk for adverse effects on their health, due to emotional distress.[8] Even after caregiving has terminated, these stressors can have long-lasting effects on the caregiver's body due to these immune alterations.[9]

Since caregiving can further erode the caregiver's own health,[10][11] many studies are being done to assess the risks that a caregiver poses when they assume this job and its effects on their immune functioning,[12][13] endocrine functioning,[14] risk for depression,[15] poor quality of sleep,[16] long-term changes in stress responses,[17] Cardiovascular diseases,[18] an increased risk of infectious disease, and even death.[19][20] Resentment from the patient is what may lead to the depression and distress typically seen in caregivers.[21] This anxiety and depression can then lead back into the health of the caregiver.[22]

Caregiver syndrome is caused by the overwhelming duty of caring for a disabled or chronically ill person. Caregiver stress is caused by an increased stress hormone level for an extended period of time. Caregivers also suffer the grief of a declining loved one, as causing a depressive exhaustive state, deteriorating emotional and mental health. "Double-duty caregivers" are those already working in the healthcare field who feel obligated to also care for their loved ones at home. This over-exhaustion and constant caregiving role can cause an increase in physical and mental health deterioration. It is actually being thought that a part of the stress of being a caregiver is from how they feel about the job. In other words if a caregiver does not like or want to be a caregiver, they will inflict more stress on themselves by accepting the role.[23]

Since this term, "Caregiver syndrome" is widely used among physicians, but is not mentioned in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) or in medical literature, physicians are not always sure how to approach the issues that arise with this syndrome. Therefore, this is not addressed frequently. In a survey given by the American Academy of Family Physicians, they found that fewer than 50 percent of caregivers were asked by their doctors whether or not they were experiencing caregiver stress. If this was listed in the DSM with an official diagnosis, it could possibly stigmatize those that have it. Many believe it would be beneficial for this to receive a clinical name though, so caregivers would be able to receive the appropriate resources they need. This would encourage health care professionals to develop better strategies for treatment of Caregiver Syndrome, as well as requiring health insurance agencies to pay for appropriate treatment. Some ways to improve this syndrome have been agreed upon by experts and include the following suggestions:

• Expanding the support system for the caregiver
• Finding help in various sources for caregiver tasks
• Educating caregivers[4]
• Paying caregivers salaries competitive with those paid to professional healthcare providers doing similar tasks, thus allowing them to retire from salaried jobs for companies where management is willfully ignorant of or unsympathetic to their workers' family caregiving burdens
• Encouraging the growth of telecommuting jobs that enable caregivers to work at home while caring for their patients
• Providing full medical benefits for caregivers and their patients
• Providing nursing and medical advice when needed, including home visits
• Providing respite services on demand
• Providing psychological counseling or psychiatric intervention for stress management
• Collecting data documenting savings for the national healthcare system made possible by home caregivers

Effective coping strategies such as sleep, exercise and relaxation can help prevent stress.[27] Caregivers fare better when they have active coping skills,[28] such as these coping interventions:

• Mindfulness-based stress reduction
• Writing therapy
• Coping effectiveness training
• Stress management
• Relaxation training
• Assistive Technology [29]

Nearly 15 million Americans provide care that is unpaid to a person living with Dementia ,caring for a person with Dementia is extreme difficult ,Alzheimer's disease is the most commonly diagnosed type but research says that caring for a person with Frontal Temporal Dementia is more burdensome on carers https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/19155621/ Early onset Dementia has even greater difficulties for carers . In many cases carers are overburdened and not supported and their health suffers . In order to maintain their own well being, caregivers need to focus on their own needs. They need to take time for their own health, and get the appropriate support that they need such as respite from their care-giving duties. Through training, caregivers can learn how to handle the behaviors that are challenging them, and improve their own communication skills. The most important thing the caregiver can do is keep the person with Alzheimer's safe. Research has shown that caregivers experience lower stress and better health when they learn skills through this caregiving training and participate in support groups. Participating in these groups allows caregivers to care for their family members longer in their homes.[30]

Services that may be helpful to caregivers include:

• health services in the home
• companion or chore services
• day care centers for adults
• respite care, time out at nursing homes, or assisted living facilities
• counseling
• legal advice
• money management
• support groups
• educational programs[31]

Caregiving can actually provide a health advantage as well for some caregivers. Caregivers maintained higher physical performance when compared to non-caregivers. They declined less in tasks than the low-intensity caregivers and non-caregivers such as: walking pace, grip strength, and the speed with which they could rise from a chair. Caregivers also did significantly better on memory tasks than did non-caregivers over a 2-year time frame. Caregivers scored at the level of someone 10 years younger than them, although both groups (caregivers vs. non-caregivers) were both in their eighties.[33]

While this role brings with it high costs, high rewards are also there too. This is known as "Caregiver gain". These rewards are emotional, psychological, and spiritual such as:

• Growing confidence in one's ability
• Feelings of personal satisfaction
• Increased family closeness[33]

Women who become caregivers are healthy enough to take on the task, therefore it makes sense that they would be stronger than their non-caregiver counterparts, and remain stronger than them. The demands of caregiving cause caregivers to move around a lot, and stay on their feet. Therefore, exercise can improve both physical health and cognition. The complex thought as required by caregiving can ward off cognitive decline. This includes activities such as:

• Monitoring medications
• Scheduling
• Financial responsibilities[33]

Other benefits mentioned by caregivers are that it gives their life meaning, and produces pride in their success as a caregiver. They are also able to give back to someone else. It has also been noted that psychological benefit finding can be an important way of dealing with stress.[34] The Perceived Benefits of Caregiving scale includes 11 items with questions such as, "Has caregiving given more meaning to your life?" and "Has caregiving made you feel important?" There was an alpha coefficient of 0.7 for this scale.[35] These benefits of caregiving have been found to be associated with improved caregiver adaptation to those who are caring for someone with dementia, end of life caregiving, and bereavement.[36][37] A study done with dementia caregivers showed that finding the benefits in caregiving predicted a better response to a caregiver intervention over a time period of 12 months.[38]

• Compassion fatigue