Bradyrhizobium japonicum

Bradyrhizobium japonicum is a species of legume-root nodulating, microsymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The species is one of many Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria commonly referred to as rhizobia.[2] Within that broad classification, which has three groups, taxonomy studies using DNA sequencing indicate that B. japonicum belongs within homology group II.[3]

Bradyrhizobium japonicum
Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain USDA 110 on an agar plate
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Proteobacteria
Class:
Alphaproteobacteria
Order:
Rhizobiales
Family:
Bradyrhizobiaceae
Genus:
Bradyrhizobium
Species:
B. japonicum
Binomial name
Bradyrhizobium japonicum
(Kirchner 1896) Jordan, 1982
Synonyms

Rhizobium japonicum Buchanan 1926
Rhizobacterium japonicum Kirchner 1896[1]

Uses

Agriculture

B. japonicum is added to legume seed to improve crop yields,[4] particularly in areas where the bacterium is not native (e.g. Arkansas soils).[5] Often the inoculate is adhered to the seeds prior to planting using a sugar solution.[6]

Research

A strain of B. japonicum, USDA110, has been in use a model organism since 1957.[2] It is widely used to study molecular genetics, plant physiology, and plant ecology due to its relatively superior symbiotic nitrogen-fixation activity with soybean (i.e. compared to other rhizobia species). Its entire genome was sequenced in 2002, revealing that the species has a single circular chromosome with 9,105,828 base pairs.[7]

Metabolism

B. japonicum is able to degrade catechin with formation of phloroglucinol carboxylic acid, further decarboxylated to phloroglucinol, which is dehydroxylated to resorcinol and hydroxyquinol.

B. japonicum possess the nosRZDFYLX gene, which aides in denitrification and has two catalytic subunits - Cu-a and Cu-z (with several histidine residues). It manages an expression cascade that can sense oxygen gradients, termed 'FixJ-FixK2-FixK1.' FixJ positively regulates FixK2, which activates nitrogen respiration genes, as well as FixK1. FixK1 mutants are unable to respire from nitrogen due to a defective catatylic copper subunit (Cu-z) in nosRZDFYLX.[8]

Genetic transformation

Natural genetic transformation in bacteria is a sexual process involving transfer of DNA from one cell to another through the intervening medium, and the integration of the donor sequence into the recipient genome by homologous recombination. B. japonicum cells are able to undergo transformation.[9] They become competent for DNA uptake during late log phase.

References
  1. "to Bradyrhizobium gen. nov., a genus of slow-growing, root nodule bacteria from leguminous plants". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 32: 136–139. 1982. doi:10.1099/00207713-32-1-136.
  2. Board, James E. (2012). A Comprehensive Survey of International Soybean Research - Genetics, Physiology, Agronomy and Nitrogen Relationships (1st ed.). Rijeka, Croatia: InTech. pp. 5–6. doi:10.5772/53728. ISBN 9789535108764.
  3. A. B. Hollis, W. E. Kloos & G. E. Elkan (1981). "DNA:DNA hybridization studies of Rhizobium japonicum and related Rhizobiaceae". Journal of General Microbiology. 123: 215–222. doi:10.1099/00221287-123-2-215.
  4. Purcell, Larry C.; Salmeron, Montserrat; Ashlock, Lanny (2013). "Chapter 5" (PDF). Arkansas Soybean Production Handbook - MP197. Little Rock, AR: University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service. p. 5. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  5. Purcell, Larry C.; Salmeron, Montserrat; Ashlock, Lanny (2000). "Chapter 7" (PDF). Arkansas Soybean Production Handbook - MP197. Little Rock, AR: University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service. pp. 2–3. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  6. Bennett, J. Michael; Rhetoric, Emeritus; Hicks, Dale R.; Naeve, Seth L.; Bennett, Nancy Bush (2014). The Minnesota Soybean Field Book (PDF). St Paul, MN: University of Minnesota Extension. p. 79. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-30. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  7. Kaneko, T; Nakamura, Y; Sato, S; Minamisawa, K; Uchiumi, T; Sasamoto, S; Watanabe, A; Idesawa, K; Iriguchi, M; Kawashima, K; Kohara, M; Matsumoto, M; Shimpo, S; Tsuruoka, H; Wada, T; Yamada, M; Tabata, S (2002). "Complete genomic sequence of nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110". DNA Research. 9 (6): 189–197. doi:10.1093/dnares/9.6.189. PMID 12597275.
  8. D. Nellen-Anthamatten, P. Rossi; et al. (1998). "Bradyrhizobium japonicum, FixK2, a Crucial Distributor in the FixLJ-Dependent Regulatory Cascade for Control of Genes Inducible by Low Oxygen Levels". [Journal of Bacteriology]. 180 (19): 5251–5255.
  9. Raina JL, Modi VV (1972). "Deoxyribonucleate binding and transformation in Rhizobium japonicum". J. Bacteriol. 111 (2): 356–60. PMC 251290. PMID 4538250.
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