Blue toe syndrome

Blue toe syndrome is a situation that may reflect atherothrombotic microembolism, causing transient focal ischaemia, occasionally with minor apparent tissue loss, but without diffuse forefoot ischemia.[1] The development of blue or violaceous toes can also occur with trauma, cold-induced injury, disorders producing generalized cyanosis, decreased arterial flow, impaired venous outflow, and abnormal circulating blood.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The terms "blue toe syndrome", "grey toe syndrome" and "purple toe syndrome" are sometimes used interchangeably.[10]

Blue toe syndrome
SpecialtyCardiology 

Studies may include echocardiography, thoracic and abdominal CT or MRI,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] peripheral arterial run off imaging studies,[19] hypercoagulopathy labs,[20] and interrogation of syndromes that lead to peripheral vascular pathology.[21]

See also

References
  1. 'Standards for vascular reporting'
  2. Blue toe syndrome: treatment with intra-arterial stents and review of therapies. Matchett WJ, McFarland DR, Eidt JF, Moursi MM. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2000 May;11(5):585-92. PMID 10834489
  3. Evaluation and management of cholesterol embolization and the blue toe syndrome. Applebaum RM, Kronzon I. Curr Opin Cardiol. 1996 Sep;11(5):533-42. Review. PMID 8889381
  4. [Cholesterol (cholestelin) embolization syndrome--blue toe syndrome]. Ishihara T, Ohkubo T, Nakano T, Ohsawa N. Ryoikibetsu Shokogun Shirizu. 1996;(14):469-72. Review. Japanese. No abstract available. PMID 9047906
  5. Blue toe syndrome from a "coral reef" aorta. Rosenberg GD, Killewich LA. Ann Vasc Surg. 1995 Nov;9(6):561-4. Review. PMID 8746834
  6. Femoral artery hypoplasia and persistent sciatic artery with blue toe syndrome: a case report, histologic analysis and review of the literature. Sottiurai VS, Omlie W. Int Angiol. 1994 Jun;13(2):154-9. Review. PMID 7963875
  7. Blue toe syndrome. Causes and management. O'Keeffe ST, Woods BO, Breslin DJ, Tsapatsaris NP. Arch Intern Med. 1992 Nov;152(11):2197-202. Review. PMID 1444678
  8. Ann Dermatol. 2016 Jun;28(3):400-1. doi: 10.5021/ad.2016.28.3.400. Epub 2016 May 25. Blue Toe Syndrome as an Early Sign of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. Choi KH1, Yoo J1, Huh JW1, Jeong YI1, Kim MS1, Jue MS1, Park HJ1. PMID 27274647
  9. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009 Jan;60(1):1-20; quiz 21-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.09.038. Blue (or purple) toe syndrome. Hirschmann JV1, Raugi GJ.
  10. Hirschmann JV, Raugi GJ (January 2009). "Blue (or purple) toe syndrome". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 60 (1): 1–20, quiz 21–2. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.09.038. PMID 19103358.
  11. Geriatrics. 1994 Dec;49(12):37-9, 43-5. Making the diagnosis when the patient has 'blue toes'. Blackshear JL1, Oldenburg WA, Cohen MD.
  12. The Coral Reef Aorta: Diagnosis and Treatment Following CT. Kopani K, Liao S, Shaffer K. Radiol Case Rep. 2009; 4(1):209. Epub 2016 Oct 4.
  13. Coral reef aorta, emergency surgical: case report and literature review. Belczak SQ, Sincos IR, Aun R, Costa KV, Araujo EA. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 2014 Apr; 12(2):237-41.
  14. Coral reef aorta: a long-term study of 21 patients. Schulte KM, Reiher L, Grabitz L, Sandmann W. Ann Vasc Surg. 2000 Nov; 14(6):626-33.
  15. The Coral Reef Aorta: Diagnosis and Treatment Following CT. Radiol Case Rep. 2016 Oct 4;4(1):209. eCollection 2009.
  16. Coral reef aorta: case report and review of the literature. Policha A, Moudgill N, Eisenberg J, Rao A, DiMuzio P. Vascular. 2013 Aug;21(4):251-9. Review. PMID 23518854
  17. "Coral reef" atherosclerosis of the suprarenal aorta: a unique clinical entity. Qvarfordt PG, Reilly LM, Sedwitz MM, Ehrenfeld WK, Stoney RJ. J Vasc Surg. 1984 Nov;1(6):903-9. PMID 6492313
  18. The coral reef aorta - a single centre experience in 70 patients. Grotemeyer D, Pourhassan S, Rehbein H, Voiculescu A, Reinecke P, Sandmann W. Int J Angiol. 2007 Fall;16(3):98-105. PMID 22477301
  19. Geriatrics. 1994 Dec;49(12):37-9, 43-5. Making the diagnosis when the patient has 'blue toes'. Blackshear JL1, Oldenburg WA, Cohen MD.
  20. Geriatrics. 1994 Dec;49(12):37-9, 43-5. Making the diagnosis when the patient has 'blue toes'. Blackshear JL1, Oldenburg WA, Cohen MD.
  21. Geriatrics. 1994 Dec;49(12):37-9, 43-5. Making the diagnosis when the patient has 'blue toes'. Blackshear JL1, Oldenburg WA, Cohen MD.
  • Pictures are available on this link. 'Blue toe syndrome'
  • Nijhof IS, Majoie IM, Dijkhorst-Oei LT, Bousema MT (2007). "[Blue toe syndrome; a sign of end-arterial occlusion]". Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 151 (23): 1261–7. PMID 17624153.
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