Arylcyclohexylamine

Arylcyclohexylamines, also known as arylcyclohexamines or arylcyclohexanamines, are a chemical class of pharmaceutical, designer, and experimental drugs.

Phencyclidine, the prototypal arylcyclohexylamine derivative.

History

Phencyclidine (PCP) is believed to be the first arylcyclohexylamine with recognized anesthetic properties, but several arylcyclohexylamines were described before PCP in the scientific literature, beginning with PCA (1-phenylcyclohexan-1-amine) the synthesis of which was first published in 1907. PCE was reported in 1953 and PCMo in 1954, with the latter compound described as a potent sedative.[1] Arylcyclohexylamine anesthetics were intensively investigated at Parke-Davis, beginning with the 1956 synthesis of phencyclidine and later the related compound ketamine.[1] The 1970s saw the debut of these compounds, especially PCP and its analogues, as illicitly used recreational drugs due to their dissociative hallucinogenic and euphoriant effects. Since, the class has been expanded by scientific research into stimulant, analgesic, and neuroprotective agents, and also by clandestine chemists in search of novel recreational drugs.[2][3][4]

Structure

General structure of arylcyclohexylamines

An arylcyclohexylamine is composed of a cyclohexylamine unit with an aryl moiety attachment. The aryl group is positioned geminal to the amine. In the simplest cases, the aryl moiety is typically a phenyl ring, sometimes with additional substitution. The amine is usually not primary; secondary amines such as methylamino or ethylamino, or tertiary cycloalkylamines such as piperidino and pyrrolidino, are the most commonly encountered N-substituents.

Pharmacology

Arylcyclohexylamines varyingly possess NMDA receptor antagonistic,[5][6] dopamine reuptake inhibitory,[7] and μ-opioid receptor agonistic[8] properties. Additionally, σ receptor agonistic,[9] nACh receptor antagonistic,[10] and D2 receptor agonistic[11] actions have been reported for some of these agents. Antagonism of the NMDA receptor confers anesthetic, anticonvulsant, neuroprotective, and dissociative effects; blockade of the dopamine transporter mediates stimulant and euphoriant effects as well as psychosis in high amounts; and activation of the μ-opioid receptor causes analgesic and euphoriant effects. Stimulation of the σ and D2 receptors may also contribute to hallucinogenic and psychomimetic effects.[11]

These are versatile agents with a wide range of possible pharmacological activities depending on the extent and range to which chemical modifications are implemented.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] The various choice of substitutions that are made allows for "fine-tuning" of the pharmacological profile that results. As examples, BTCP is a selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor,[7] PCP is primarily an NMDA antagonist,[5] and BDPC is a potent μ-opioid agonist,[21] while PRE-084 is a selective sigma receptor agonist.[22] Thus, radically different pharmacology is possible through different structural combinations.

List of arylcyclohexylamines

Structure Compound Aryl Substituent N Group Cyclohexyl ring
PCA[23]PhenylNH2-
PCM[23]PhenylMethylamino-
EticyclidinePhenylEthylamino-
PCPr [24]Phenyln-Propylamino-
PCiPPhenylIsopropylamino-
PCAL [25]PhenylAllylamino-
PCBuPhenyln-Butylamino-
PCEOHPhenylHydroxyethylamino-
PCMEA[26]PhenylMethoxyethylamino-
PCEEAPhenylEthoxyethylamino-
PCMPAPhenylMethoxypropylamino-
PCDM[23]PhenylDimethylamino-
DieticyclidinePhenylDiethylamino-
2-HO-PCP[5]PhenylPiperidine2-Hydroxy
2-Me-PCP[27]PhenylPiperidine2-Methyl
2-MeO-PCP[28]PhenylPiperidine2-Methoxy
2-Keto-PCPPhenylPiperidine2-Keto
Eticyclidone ("O-PCE")PhenylEthylamino2-Keto
2-Keto-PCPrPhenyln-Propylamino2-Keto
4-Methyl-PCPPhenylPiperidine4-Methyl
4-Keto-PCPPhenylPiperidine4-Keto
2'-Cl-PCPo-ChlorophenylPiperidine-
2'-MeO-PCPo-MethoxyphenylPiperidine-
3'-F-PCP[29]m-FluorophenylPiperidine-
3'-Me-PCP[30]m-TolylPiperidine-
3'-Me-PCPym-TolylPyrrolidine-
3'-NH2-PCPm-AminophenylPiperidine-
3'-HO-PCPm-HydroxyphenylPiperidine-
3'-MeO-PCPm-MethoxyphenylPiperidine-
3',4'-MD-PCP3,4-MethylenedioxyphenylPiperidine-
3'-MeO-PCEm-MethoxyphenylEthylamino-
3'-HO-PCEm-HydroxyphenylEthylamino-
3'-MeO-PCPrm-Methoxyphenyln-Propylamino-
3'-HO-PCPrm-Hydroxyphenyln-Propylamino-
3',4'-MD-PCPr3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyln-Propylamino-
3'-MeO-PCPy[30]m-MethoxyphenylPyrrolidine-
4'-HO-PCPp-HydroxyphenylPiperidine-
Methoxydine (4'-MeO-PCP)p-MethoxyphenylPiperidine-
4'-MeO-PCEp-MethoxyphenylEthylamino-
4'-F-PCP[29]p-FluorophenylPiperidine-
4'-F-PCPyp-FluorophenylPyrrolidine-
Arketamineo-ChlorophenylMethylamino2-Keto
DeschloroketaminePhenylMethylamino2-Keto
Esketamineo-ChlorophenylMethylamino2-Keto
Ketamineo-ChlorophenylMethylamino2-Keto
Hydroxynorketamineo-ChlorophenylNH22-Keto, 6-Hydroxy
Ethketamineo-ChlorophenylEthylamino2-Keto
NPNKo-Chlorophenyln-Propylamino2-Keto
Methoxyketamineo-MethoxyphenylMethylamino2-Keto
oMDCKo-TolylMethylamino2-Keto
mMDCKm-TolylMethylamino2-Keto
meta-Ketaminem-ChlorophenylMethylamino2-Keto
iso-Ketamineo-ChlorophenylMethylamino4-Keto
2-Fluorodeschloroketamineo-FluorophenylMethylamino2-Keto
3-Fluorodeschloroketaminem-FluorophenylMethylamino2-Keto
Bromoketamineo-BromophenylMethylamino2-Keto
TFMDCKo-TrifluoromethylphenylMethylamino2-Keto
SN 35210 [31]o-ChlorophenylCarbomethoxybutylamino2-Keto
Methoxetaminem-MethoxyphenylEthylamino2-Keto
Methoxmetaminem-MethoxyphenylMethylamino2-Keto
MXPrm-Methoxyphenyln-Propylamino2-Keto
HXEm-HydroxyphenylEthylamino2-Keto
HXMm-HydroxyphenylMethylamino2-Keto
FXEm-FluorophenylEthylamino2-Keto
Phencyclidine (PCP)PhenylPiperidine-
PC3MPPhenyl3-Methylpiperidine-
PC4MPPhenyl4-Methylpiperidine-
Rolicyclidine (PCPy)PhenylPyrrolidine-
PCDMPyPhenyl3,3-Dimethylpyrrolidine-
PCMoPhenylMorpholine-
Methoxy-PCM[6] (2'-MeO-PCMo)o-MethoxyphenylMorpholine-
3'-MeO-PCMom-MethoxyphenylMorpholine-
4'-MeO-PCMop-MethoxyphenylMorpholine-
Methyl-PCM[32] (4'-Me-PCMo)p-TolylMorpholine-
Hydroxy-methyl-PCM2-Methyl-4-hydroxyphenylMorpholine-
PYCP [33]2-PyridinylPiperidine-
TCM2-ThienylMethylamino-
TCE2-ThienylEthylamino-
TCPr [34]2-ThienylPropylamino-
Tenocyclidine (TCP)2-ThienylPiperidine-
TCPy2-ThienylPyrrolidine-
Tiletamine2-ThienylEthylamino2-Keto
Gacyclidine2-ThienylPiperidine2-Methyl
BDPCp-BromophenylDimethylamino4-Phenethyl-4-hydroxy
C-8813p-BromophenylDimethylamino4-(thiophen-2-yl)ethyl-4-hydroxy
Dimetamine [35]p-TolylDimethylamino4-Keto
3''-OH-2'-Me-PCP [36]o-Tolyl3-Hydroxypiperidine-
4''-Ph-4''-OH-PCP [37]Phenyl4-Phenyl-4-hydroxypiperidine-
BTCP[38]Benzothiophen-2-ylPiperidine-
BTCPy[39]Benzothiophen-2-ylPyrrolidine-
PRE-084PhenylMorpholinylethylcarboxylate-

Other cycloalkane ring sizes have been experimented with than just purely thinking in terms of the cyclohexylamine. The cyclopentyl homologue of PCP is active with around 1/10th the potency, while the cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl derivatives are inactive. The requisite cycloalkylketone is reacted with PhMgBr; 3° alcohol is then reacted with NaN3; azide then reduced with LAH. Then in the final step the piperidine ring is constructed with 1-5-dibromo-pentane.[40]

Rigid

Conformationally constrained analogs have also been prepared and researched by Morieti et al.[41]

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