Apolipoprotein D

Apolipoprotein D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOD gene.[5][6][7] Unlike other lipoproteins, which are mainly produced in the liver, apolipoprotein D is mainly produced in the brain and testes.[8]

APOD
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesAPOD, Apod, apolipoprotein D
External IDsOMIM: 107740 MGI: 88056 HomoloGene: 1246 GeneCards: APOD
Gene location (Human)
Chr.Chromosome 3 (human)[1]
Band3q29Start195,568,705 bp[1]
End195,584,033 bp[1]
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

347

11815

Ensembl

ENSG00000189058

ENSMUSG00000022548

UniProt

P05090

P51910

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001647

NM_001301353
NM_001301354
NM_007470

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001638

NP_001288282
NP_001288283
NP_031496

Location (UCSC)Chr 3: 195.57 – 195.58 MbChr 16: 31.3 – 31.31 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Function

Apolipoprotein D (Apo-D) is a component of high-density lipoprotein that has no marked similarity to other apolipoprotein sequences. It has a high degree of homology to plasma retinol-binding protein and other members of the alpha 2 microglobulin protein superfamily of carrier proteins, also known as lipocalins. It is a glycoprotein of estimated molecular weight 33 KDa. Apo-D is closely associated with the enzyme lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase - an enzyme involved in lipoprotein metabolism.[7] ApoD has also been shown to be an important link in the transient interaction between HDL and LDL particles and between HDL particles and cells.[9]

Clinical significance

APOD is a biomarker of androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS). APOD is an androgen up-regulated gene in normal scrotal fibroblast cells in comparison to CAIS labia majora cells.[10]

APOD is associated with neurological disorders and nerve injury, especially related to myelin sheath. APOD was shown to be elevated in a rat model of stroke.[8] APOD is elevated in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer's disease.[8]

References

  1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000189058 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000022548 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. Drayna DT, McLean JW, Wion KL, Trent JM, Drabkin HA, Lawn RM (Aug 1987). "Human apolipoprotein D gene: gene sequence, chromosome localization, and homology to the alpha 2u-globulin superfamily". DNA. 6 (3): 199–204. doi:10.1089/dna.1987.6.199. PMID 2439269.
  6. Drayna D, Fielding C, McLean J, Baer B, Castro G, Chen E, Comstock L, Henzel W, Kohr W, Rhee L, et al. (Jan 1987). "Cloning and expression of human apolipoprotein D cDNA". J Biol Chem. 261 (35): 16535–9. PMID 3453108.
  7. "Entrez Gene: APOD apolipoprotein D".
  8. Muffat J, Walker DW (2010). "Apolipoprotein D: an overview of its role in aging and age-related diseases". Cell Cycle. 9 (2): 269–273. doi:10.4161/cc.9.2.10433. PMC 3691099. PMID 20023409.
  9. Braesch-Andersen S; et al. (December 2014). "ApoD Mediates Binding of HDL to LDL and to Growing T24 Carcinoma". PLOS ONE. 9 (12): e115180. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115180. PMC 4267786. PMID 25513803.
  10. Appari M, Werner R, Wünsch L, Cario G, Demeter J, Hiort O, Riepe F, Brooks JD, Holterhus PM (June 2009). "Apolipoprotein D (APOD) is a putative biomarker of androgen receptor function in androgen insensitivity syndrome". J. Mol. Med. 87 (6): 623–32. doi:10.1007/s00109-009-0462-3. PMC 5518750. PMID 19330472.

Further reading

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